psychedelic era

{{short description|Time of cultural change influenced by psychedelic drugs}}

{{Infobox historical era

| name = Psychedelic era

| location =

| start = 1965

| end = 1969

| image = Timothy Leary and Rosemary Woodruff.jpg

| alt =

| caption = Timothy Leary and wife Rosemary Woodruff at press conference, 1969.

| before = Beat Generation

| including =

| after =

| monarch =

| leaders = Alan Watts, Timothy Leary, Ralph Metzner and Ram Dass

| presidents =

| primeministers =

| key_events = *Human Be-In

Summer of Love

}}

The psychedelic era was the time of social, musical and artistic change influenced by psychedelic drugs, occurring from the mid-1960s{{cite book|title=I Want to Take You Higher: The Psychedelic Era, 1972-1978|first=James |last=Henke |author2=Parke Puterbaugh |author3=Charles Perry |author4=Barry Miles |publisher=Chronicle Books LLC |year=1997 |isbn=0-8118-1725-3}} to the mid-1970s.{{cite book|title=St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture |url=https://archive.org/details/stjamesencyclope04pend |url-access=limited |first=Sara |last=Pendergast |author2=Tom Pendergast |year=2000 |publisher=St. James Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/stjamesencyclope04pend/page/n159 129]}} The era was defined by the proliferation of LSD and its following influence in the development of psychedelic music and psychedelic film in the Western world.{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20181016-how-lsd-influenced-western-culture |title=How LSD influenced Western culture |last=Williams |first=Holly |date=2018-10-17 |website=bbc.com |publisher=BBC }}

Writers who explored the potentials of consciousness exploration in the psychedelic era included Alan Watts, Timothy Leary, Ralph Metzner and Ram Dass among others; an important journal of the time was The Psychedelic Review.{{cite book |title=The Psychedelic Reader: Classic Selections from the Psychedelic Review |editor1-first=Timothy |editor1-last=Leary |editor1-link=Timothy Leary |editor2-first=Ralph |editor2-last=Metzner |editor2-link=Ralph Metzner |editor3-first=Gunther M. |editor3-last=Weil |year=1993 |publisher=Citadel Press |isbn=0-8065-1451-5}}

History

= Origins =

Throughout the 1950s, mainstream media reported on research into LSD and its growing use in psychiatry, and undergraduate psychology students taking LSD as part of their education described the effects of the drug. Time magazine published six positive reports on LSD between 1954 and 1959.{{cite magazine |title=LSD - TIME Magazine - search results | url=http://search.time.com/results.html?cmd=tags&D=LSD&sid=126E7F5CAA03&Ntt=LSD&Ntk=WithBody2009&Ntx=mode+matchallpartial%2bsnip%2bp_body%3a25&Ns=p_date_range%7C0&p=0&N=0&Nty=1&srchCat=Full+Archive | magazine=Time | date=1944-04-03 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160130144217/http://search.time.com/results.html?cmd=tags&D=LSD&sid=126E7F5CAA03&Ntt=LSD&Ntk=WithBody2009&Ntx=mode+matchallpartial%2bsnip%2bp_body%3a25&Ns=p_date_range%7C0&p=0&N=0&Nty=1&srchCat=Full+Archive| access-date=2010-05-04|url-status=dead |archive-date = 2016-01-30}}

From the second half of the 1950s, Beat Generation writers like William Burroughs, Jack Kerouac and Allen GinsbergJ. Campbell, This is the Beat Generation: New York, San Francisco, Paris (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2001), {{ISBN|0-520-23033-7}}. wrote about and took drugs, including cannabis and Benzedrine, raising awareness and helping to popularise their use.R. Worth, Illegal Drugs: Condone Or Incarcerate? (Marshall Cavendish, 2009), {{ISBN|0-7614-4234-0}}, p. 30. In the early 1960s, the use of LSD and other psychedelics was advocated by new proponents of consciousness expansion such as Timothy Leary, Alan Watts, Aldous Huxley and Arthur Koestler,Anne Applebaum, [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/01/26/did-the-death-of-communis_n_435939.html "Did The Death Of Communism Take Koestler And Other Literary Figures With It?]", The Huffington Post, 26 January 2010.{{cite web|url=http://pages.cthome.net/tobelman/The_Out-Of-Sight_SMiLE_Site.html|title=Out-Of-Sight! SMiLE Timeline|access-date=30 October 2011|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20100201234435/http://pages.cthome.net/tobelman/The_Out-Of-Sight_SMiLE_Site.html|archive-date=1 February 2010}} and, according to Laurence Veysey, they profoundly influenced the thinking of the new generation of youth.L. R. Veysey, The Communal Experience: Anarchist and Mystical Communities in Twentieth-Century America (Chicago IL, University of Chicago Press, 1978), {{ISBN|0-226-85458-2}}, p. 437.

= Cultural influence =

The psychedelic lifestyle had already developed in California, particularly in San Francisco, by the mid-1960s, with the first major underground LSD factory established by Owsley Stanley.J. DeRogatis, Turn On Your Mind: Four Decades of Great Psychedelic Rock (Milwaukie, Michigan: Hal Leonard, 2003), {{ISBN|0-634-05548-8}}, pp. 8–9. From 1964, the Merry Pranksters, a loose group that developed around novelist Ken Kesey, sponsored the Acid Tests, a series of events involving the taking of LSD (supplied by Stanley), accompanied by light shows, film projection and discordant, improvised music by the Grateful Dead (financed by Stanley),{{Cite web|url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2016/11/10/grateful-dead-at-center-of-bio-on-acid-king-owsley-stanley/|title = Grateful Dead at center of bio on 'acid king' Owsley Stanley|date = 10 November 2016}} then known as the Warlocks, known as the psychedelic symphony.{{cite web|url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc19800/m1/ |title=Show 41 – The Acid Test: Psychedelics and a sub-culture emerge in San Francisco. [Part 1] : UNT Digital Library |last=Gilliland |first=John |year=1969 |author-link=John Gilliland |work=Pop Chronicles |publisher=Digital.library.unt.edu |format=audio |access-date=6 May 2011}}M. Hicks, Sixties Rock: Garage, Psychedelic, and Other Satisfactions Music in American Life (Chicago, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2000), {{ISBN|0-252-06915-3}}, p. 60. The Pranksters helped popularise LSD use, through their road trips across America in a psychedelically decorated converted school bus, which involved distributing the drug and meeting with major figures of the beat movement, and through publications about their activities such as Tom Wolfe's The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test (1968).J. Mann, Turn on and Tune in: Psychedelics, Narcotics and Euphoriants (Royal Society of Chemistry, 2009), {{ISBN|1-84755-909-3}}, p. 87.

San Francisco had an emerging music scene of folk clubs, coffee houses and independent radio stations that catered to the population of students at nearby Berkeley and the free thinkers that had gravitated to the city.R. Unterberger, Eight Miles High: Folk-Rock's Flight from Haight-Ashbury to Woodstock (London: Backbeat Books, 2003), {{ISBN|0-87930-743-9}}, pp. 11–13. There was already a culture of drug use among jazz and blues musicians, and in the early 1960s use of drugs including cannabis, peyote, mescaline and LSDT. Albright, [https://books.google.com/books?id=aGN3vXcZl74C&q=Albright%2C+Art+in+the+San+Francisco+Bay+area%2C+1945-1980%3A+an+Illustrated+History Art in the San Francisco Bay area, 1945–1980: an Illustrated History] (University of California Press, 1985), {{ISBN|0-520-05193-9}}, p. 166–9. began to grow among folk and rock musicians.J. Shepherd, Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World: Media, Industry and Society (New York, NY: Continuum, 2003), {{ISBN|0-8264-6321-5}}, p. 211. One of the first musical uses of the term "psychedelic" in the folk scene was by the New York-based folk group The Holy Modal Rounders on their version of Lead Belly's 'Hesitation Blues' in 1964.M. Hicks, Sixties Rock: Garage, Psychedelic, and Other Satisfactions (University of Illinois Press, 2000), {{ISBN|978-0-252-06915-4}}, pp 59–60. Folk/avant-garde guitarist John Fahey recorded several songs in the early 1960s experimented with unusual recording techniques, including backwards tapes, and novel instrumental accompaniment including flute and sitar.{{cite web | last= Unterberger | first = Richie | author-link=Richie Unterberger | title = The Great San Bernardino Oil Slick & Other Excursions — Album Review | work= Allmusic |publisher=Rovi Corp.| url = http://www.allmusic.com/album/vol-4-the-great-san-bernardino-birthday-party-mw0000103865 | access-date = 25 July 2013}} His nineteen-minute "The Great San Bernardino Birthday Party" "anticipated elements of psychedelia with its nervy improvisations and odd guitar tunings". Similarly, folk guitarist Sandy Bull's early work "incorporated elements of folk, jazz, and Indian and Arabic-influenced dronish modes".{{cite web| last = Unterberger | first = Richie | author-link = Richie Unterberger | title = Sandy Bull — Biography | work = Allmusic | publisher = Rovi Corp. | url = http://www.allmusic.com//artist/sandy-bull-mn0000295213/biography | access-date = July 16, 2013}} His album Fantasias for Guitar and Banjo (1963) explores various styles and "could also be accurately described as one of the very first psychedelic records".{{cite web | last = Greenwald | first = Matthew | title = Fantasias for Guitar & Banjo — Album Review| work = Allmusic | publisher = Rovi Corp. | url = http://www.allmusic.com/album/fantasias-for-guitar-banjo-mw0000811015 | access-date = July 16, 2013}}

Soon musicians began to refer (at first indirectly, and later explicitly) to the drug and attempted to recreate or reflect the experience of taking LSD in their music, just as it was reflected in psychedelic art, literature and film.M. Campbell, Popular Music in America: And the Beat Goes on (Boston, MA: Cengage Learning, 3rd edn., 2008), {{ISBN|0-495-50530-7}}, pp. 212–3. This trend ran in parallel in both America and Britain and as part of the interconnected folk and rock scenes.C. Grunenberg and J. Harris, Summer of Love: Psychedelic Art, Social Crisis and Counterculture in the 1960s (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2005), {{ISBN|0-85323-919-3}}, p. 137. As pop music began incorporating psychedelic sounds, the genre emerged as a mainstream and commercial force.[{{AllMusic|class=style|id=psychedelic-pop-ma0000011915|pure_url=yes}} "Psychedelic pop"], Allmusic, retrieved 27 June 2010. Psychedelic rock reached its peak in the last years of the decade.V. Bogdanov, C. Woodstra and S. T. Erlewine, All Music Guide to Rock: the Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop and Soul (Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books, 3rd edn., 2002), {{ISBN|0-87930-653-X}}, pp. 1322–3. From 1967 to 1968, it was the prevailing sound of rock music, either in the whimsical British variant, or the harder American West Coast acid rock.{{sfn|Brend|2005|p=88}} In America, the 1967 Summer of Love was prefaced by the Human Be-In event and reached its peak at the Monterey International Pop Festival.W. E. Studwell and D. F. Lonergan, The Classic Rock and Roll Reader: Rock Music from its Beginnings to the mid-1970s (Abingdon: Routledge, 1999), {{ISBN|0-7890-0151-9}}, p. 223. These trends climaxed in the 1969 Woodstock Festival, which saw performances by most of the major psychedelic acts, including Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, Jefferson Airplane and Santana.A. Bennett, Remembering Woodstock (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2004), {{ISBN|0-7546-0714-3}}.

By the end of the 1960s, the trend of exploring psychedelia in music was largely in retreat. LSD was declared illegal in the United States and the United Kingdom in 1966.I. Inglis, The Beatles, Popular Music and Society: a Thousand Voices (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2000), {{ISBN|0-312-22236-X}}, p. 46. The linking of the murders of Sharon Tate and Leno and Rosemary LaBianca by the Manson Family to Beatles songs such as "Helter Skelter" contributed to an anti-hippie backlash.D. A. Nielsen, Horrible Workers: Max Stirner, Arthur Rimbaud, Robert Johnson, and the Charles Manson Circle: Studies in Moral Experience and Cultural Expression (Lanham MD: Lexington Books, 2005), {{ISBN|0-7391-1200-7}}, p. 84. The Altamont Free Concert in California, headlined by The Rolling Stones and Jefferson Airplane on December 6, 1969, did not turn out to be a positive milestone in the psychedelic music scene, as was anticipated; instead, it became notorious for the fatal stabbing of a black teenager Meredith Hunter by Hells Angels security guards.J. Wiener, Come Together: John Lennon in his Time (Chicago IL: University of Illinois Press, 1991), {{ISBN|0-252-06131-4}}, pp. 124–6.