pygmy sunfish

{{Short description|Genus of ray-finned fishes}}

{{Automatic taxobox

| name = Elassoma

| image = Elassoma_sp.jpg

| image_caption = Unidentified species

| parent_authority = D. S. Jordan, 1877

| display_parents = 3

| taxon = Elassoma

| authority = D. S. Jordan, 1877

| subdivision_ranks = Species

| subdivision = See text.

| type_species = Elassoma zonata

| type_species_authority = D. S. Jordan, 1877

}}

Elassoma is a genus of freshwater fish, the only member of family Elassomatidae in the order Centrarchiformes.{{cite journal |title=Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes Classification - California Academy of Sciences |url=https://www.calacademy.org/scientists/catalog-of-fishes-classification/ |journal=www.calacademy.org |language=en |access-date=14 November 2024}}{{cite book |title=Fishes of the World |edition=5th |author1=J. S. Nelson |author2=T. C. Grande |author3=M. V. H. Wilson |year=2016 |pages=444–446 |publisher=Wiley |isbn= 978-1-118-34233-6 |url=https://sites.google.com/site/fotw5th/}} The type species is E. zonatum, the banded pygmy sunfish. The Elassomatidae are known collectively as pygmy sunfishes, and are thought to be closely related to the true freshwater sunfishes in Centrarchidae.{{Cite journal |last=Lavoué |first=Sébastien |last2=Nakayama |first2=Kouji |last3=Jerry |first3=Dean R. |last4=Yamanoue |first4=Yusuke |last5=Yagishita |first5=Naoki |last6=Suzuki |first6=Nobuaki |last7=Nishida |first7=Mutsumi |last8=Miya |first8=Masaki |date=2014-10-01 |title=Mitogenomic phylogeny of the Percichthyidae and Centrarchiformes (Percomorphaceae): comparison with recent nuclear gene-based studies and simultaneous analysis |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378111914008166 |journal=Gene |volume=549 |issue=1 |pages=46–57 |doi=10.1016/j.gene.2014.07.033 |issn=0378-1119|url-access=subscription }} In the past, researchers believed they were related to sticklebacks and pipefishes (order Syngnathiformes) rather than Centrarchiformes, though genetic research strongly implies a close relationship with the centrarchids.{{cite web |author1=Jörg Bohlen |author2=Arne Nolte |title=Elassoma zonatum, E. okefenokee, and E. evergladei: Habitats and Comparative Observations |url=http://www.nanfa.org/ac/AC2012vol37no4_Elassoma%20zonatum%20E_okejenokee%20and%20E_evergladei-habitats%20and%20comparative%20observations_Bohlen_Nolte.pdf |access-date=27 January 2022 |website=Nanfa.org |format=PDF}}

The pygmy sunfishes grow to a maximum overall length of {{convert|3|to|4|cm|in|round=0.5|abbr=on}}. They occur mostly in temperate and subtropical swamps, marshes, and other shallow, slow-moving, and heavily vegetated waters, across an area of the American South stretching from the Coastal Plain of North Carolina to central Florida, west along the Gulf Coast to eastern Texas, and north up the Mississippi River Valley to southern Illinois. The bluebarred, Carolina, and spring pygmy sunfishes have small localized populations and are considered Vulnerable.

The pygmy sunfishes are too small to be game fish, but are relatively popular as aquarium fish because of the males' iridescent colors and fascinating breeding behaviors. Eggs are laid on or beneath dense vegetation, and the male guards the nest area until the fry hatch and scatter. They adapt well to small aquaria and are relatively adaptable to a range of conditions, but seldom take conventional prepared fish foods, instead requiring small live worms, insects, or crustaceans as food.