quantitative phase-contrast microscopy

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{{Infobox laboratory equipment|frame

|name = Quantitative phase contrast microscope

|image =

|alt =

|caption = A quantitative phase contrast microscope imaging cultured cells in a cell culture incubator.

|acronym = QPCM, QPM, QPI

|other_names = Phase microscope, Quantitative phase microscopy, Quantitative phase imaging

|uses = Microscopic observation and quantification of unstained biological material

|notable_experiments =

|related = Phase contrast microscopy, Differential interference contrast microscopy, Hoffman modulation contrast microscopy

}}

Quantitative phase contrast microscopy or quantitative phase imaging are the collective names for a group of microscopy methods that quantify the phase shift that occurs when light waves pass through a more optically dense object.{{cite journal

| author=Etienne Cuche |author2=Frédéric Bevilacqua |author3=Christian Depeursinge

| title=Digital holography for quantitative phase-contrast imaging

| journal=Optics Letters

| volume=24

| issue=5

| pages=291–293

| year=1999

| doi=10.1364/OL.24.000291|pmid=18071483 |bibcode = 1999OptL...24..291C }}{{Cite book |last=Popescu |first=Gabriel |title=Quantitative phase imaging of cells and tissues |date=2011 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |isbn=978-0-07-166342-7 |location=New York}}{{cite journal

| vauthors=Park Y, Depeursinge C, Popescu G

| title=Quantitative phase imaging in biomedicine

| journal=Nature Photonics

| date=2018

| volume=12

| issue=10

| pages=578–589

| doi=10.1038/s41566-018-0253-x| pmid=

| bibcode=2018NaPho..12..578P

| s2cid=256704142

}}

Translucent objects, like a living human cell, absorb and scatter small amounts of light.

This makes translucent objects much easier to observe in ordinary light microscopes.

Such objects do, however, induce a phase shift that can be observed using a phase contrast microscope.

Conventional phase contrast microscopy and related methods, such as differential interference contrast microscopy, visualize phase shifts by transforming phase shift gradients into intensity variations.

These intensity variations are mixed with other intensity variations, making it difficult to extract quantitative information.

Quantitative phase contrast methods are distinguished from conventional phase contrast methods in that

they create a second so-called phase shift image or phase image, independent of the intensity (bright field) image.

Phase unwrapping methods are generally applied to the phase shift image to give absolute phase shift

values in each pixel, as exemplified by Figure 1.

File:Phase shift image of cells in 3D.jpg of the object in the image point. The volume of an object can therefore be determined from a phase shift image when the difference in refractive index between the object and the surrounding media is known.{{cite journal

| author=Manuel Kemmler |author2=Markus Fratz |author3=Dominik Giel |author4=Norbert Saum |author5=Albrecht Brandenburg |author6=Christian Hoffmann

| title=Noninvasive time-dependent cytometry monitoring by digital holography

| journal=Journal of Biomedical Optics

| volume=12

| issue=6

| pages=064002

| year=2007

| doi=10.1117/1.2804926

| pmid=18163818|bibcode = 2007JBO....12f4002K |s2cid=40335328 | doi-access=free}}]]

The principal methods for measuring and visualizing phase shifts include ptychography and various types

of holographic microscopy methods such as digital holographic microscopy,

holographic interference microscopy and digital in-line holographic microscopy.

Common to these methods is that an interference pattern (hologram) is recorded by a digital image sensor.

From the recorded interference pattern, the intensity and the phase shift image is numerically created by a computer algorithm.{{cite journal

| author=Myung K. Kim

| title=Principles and techniques of digital holographic microscopy

| journal=SPIE Reviews

| volume=1

| pages=018005

| year=2010

| doi=10.1117/6.0000006

|bibcode = 2010SPIER...1a8005K | doi-access=free

}}

Quantitative phase contrast microscopy is primarily used to observe unstained living cells.

Measuring the phase delay images of biological cells provides quantitative information about the morphology and drymass of individual cells.{{cite journal |vauthors=Zangle T, Teitell M |title=Live-cell mass profiling: an emerging approach in quantitative biophysics |journal=Nature Methods |date=2014 |volume=11 |issue=12 |pages=1221–1228 |doi=10.1038/nmeth.3175|pmid=25423019 |pmc=4319180 }}

These features can be analyzed with image analysis software, which has led to the development of non-invasive live cell imaging and automated cell culture analysis systems based on quantitative phase contrast microscopy.{{cite journal

| title =Deep Learning in Label-free Cell Classification

| journal =Scientific Reports

| volume =6

| issue =

| pages =21471

| doi =10.1038/srep21471

| pmid =26975219

| pmc =4791545

| access-date =

| year =2016

| last1 =Chen

| first1 =Claire Lifan

| last2 =Mahjoubfar

| first2 =Ata

| last3 =Tai

| first3 =Li-Chia

| last4 =Blaby

| first4 =Ian K.

| last5 =Huang

| first5 =Allen

| last6 =Niazi

| first6 =Kayvan Reza

| last7 =Jalali

| first7 =Bahram

| bibcode =2016NatSR...621471C}}[http://www.nature.com/srep/about/open-access published under CC BY 4.0 licensing]