recursive acronym

{{Short description|Acronym whose expansion includes a copy of itself}}

A recursive acronym is an acronym that refers to itself, and appears most frequently in computer programming. The term was first used in print in 1979 in Douglas Hofstadter's book Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid, in which Hofstadter invents the acronym GOD, meaning "GOD Over Djinn", to help explain infinite series, and describes it as a recursive acronym.{{cite web | url = http://www.math.cornell.edu/~mec/Summer2009/ABjorndahl/extension.html | title = Puzzles and Paradoxes: Infinity in Finite Terms | access-date = 2013-04-23 | archive-date = 15 November 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121115130941/http://www.math.cornell.edu/~mec/Summer2009/ABjorndahl/extension.html | url-status = live }} Other references followed,{{cite web | url = http://www.wordspy.com/words/recursiveacronym.asp | title = WordSpy—Recursive Acronym | access-date = 2008-12-18 | archive-date = 8 October 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141008144546/http://www.wordspy.com/words/recursiveacronym.asp | url-status = dead }} however the concept was used as early as 1968 in John Brunner's science fiction novel Stand on Zanzibar. In the story, the acronym EPT (Education for a Particular Task) later morphed into "Eptification for Particular Task".

Recursive acronyms typically form backwardly: either an existing ordinary acronym is given a new explanation of what the letters stand for, or a name is turned into an acronym by giving the letters an explanation of what they stand for, in each case with the first letter standing recursively for the whole acronym.

Use in computing

In computing, an early tradition in the hacker community, especially at MIT, was to choose acronyms and abbreviations that referred humorously to themselves or to other abbreviations. Perhaps the earliest example in this context is the backronym "Mash Until No Good", which was created in 1960 to describe Mung, and revised to "Mung Until No Good". It lived on as a recursive command in the editing language TECO.^[3] In 1977{{citation|title=Electronic message to BUG-LISPM|author=Daniel Weinreb|date=8 August 1977}} programmer Ted Anderson coined TINT ("TINT Is Not TECO"), an editor for MagicSix. This inspired the two MIT Lisp Machine editors called EINE ("EINE Is Not Emacs", German for one) and ZWEI ("ZWEI Was EINE Initially", German for two), in turn inspiring Anderson's retort SINE ("SINE is not EINE"). Richard Stallman followed with GNU (GNU's Not Unix).

Recursive acronym examples often include negatives, such as denials that the thing defined is or resembles something else (which the thing defined does in fact resemble or is even derived from), to indicate that, despite the similarities, it was distinct from the program on which it was based.{{cite web|url=http://fsfe.org/freesoftware/transcripts/rms-fs-2006-03-09.en.html#the-name-gnu|title=The Free Software Movement and the Future of Freedom: The name "GNU"|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316191530/http://fsfe.org/freesoftware/transcripts/rms-fs-2006-03-09.en.html#the-name-gnu|archivedate=16 March 2015|author=Richard Stallman|date=March 9, 2006}}

An earlier example appears in a 1976 textbook on data structures, in which the pseudo-language SPARKS is used to define the algorithms discussed in the text. "SPARKS" is claimed to be a non-acronymic name, but "several cute ideas have been suggested" as expansions of the name. One of the suggestions is the tail recursive "Smart Programmers Are Required to Know SPARKS".{{cite book|title=Fundamentals Of Data Structures|author1=Ellis Horowitz|author2=Sartaj Sahni|publisher=Computer Science Press|year=1976|isbn=978-0-914894-20-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kdRQAAAAMAAJ&q=%22sparks%22|via=Google Books}}

Other examples are the YAML language, which stands for "YAML ain't markup language" and PHP language meaning "PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor".

=Examples=

Allegro: Allegro Low LEvel Game ROutines (early versions for Atari ST were called "Atari Low Level Game Routines")
AROS: AROS Research Operating System (originally Amiga Research Operating System)
ATI: ATI Technologies Inc.
BIRD: BIRD Internet Routing Daemon
CAVE: CAVE Automatic Virtual Environment
cURL: Curl URL Request Library{{cite web |url=http://daniel.haxx.se/blog/2015/03/20/curl-17-years-old-today/ |title=curl, 17 years old today |last1=Stenberg |first1=Daniel |date=20 March 2015 |website=daniel.haxx.se |access-date=20 March 2015 |archive-date=6 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151206014340/http://daniel.haxx.se/blog/2015/03/20/curl-17-years-old-today/ |url-status=live }}
Darcs: Darcs Advanced Revision Control System
EINE: EINE Is Not Emacs
FIJI: FIJI Is Just ImageJ
GiNaC: GiNaC is Not a CAS (Computer Algebra System)
GNE (encyclopedia): GNE's Not Encyclopedia
GNU: GNU's Not Unix
GPE: GPE Palmtop Environment
gRPC: grpc Remote Procedure Calls
JACK: JACK Audio Connection Kit
KGS: KGS Go Server
LAME: LAME Ain't MP3 Encoder{{cite web | url = http://lame.sourceforge.net/about.php | title = About LAME | access-date = 2016-02-20 | archive-date = 12 February 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160212163532/http://lame.sourceforge.net/about.php | url-status = live }}
LiVES: LiVES is Video Editing System
MINDY: MINDY Is Not Dylan Yet
MiNT: MiNT is Not TOS (later changed to "MiNT is Now TOS")
MINT: MINT Is Not TRAC
Mung: Mung Until No Good{{cite web|url= http://www.catb.org/jargon/html/M/mung.html|title= The Jargon File: Mung|access-date= 2007-10-15|archive-date= 15 June 2015|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150615165058/http://www.catb.org/jargon/html/M/mung.html|url-status= live}}
Nagios: Nagios Ain't Gonna Insist On Sainthood (a reference to the previous name of Nagios, "Netsaint"; agios [αγιος] is the Greek word for "saint")
NiL: NiL Isn't Liero
Ninja-ide: Ninja-IDE Is Not Just Another IDE
PHP: PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor (from "Personal Home Page Tools", more frequently referenced as "PHP Tools."{{cite web|title=History of PHP|url=http://www.php.net/manual/en/history.php.php|publisher=php.net|access-date=18 June 2013|archive-date=2 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702191556/http://php.net/manual/en/history.php.php|url-status=live}})
PINE: PINE Is Nearly Elm, originally; PINE now officially stands for "Pine Internet News E-mail"{{ cite web | url = http://www.island-resort.com/pine.htm | title = What Pine Really Stands For | access-date = 2007-03-06 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110607212819/http://www.island-resort.com/pine.htm | archive-date = 2011-06-07 }}
PIP: PIP Installs Packages
P.I.P.S.: P.I.P.S. Is POSIX Symbian
PNG: officially "Portable Network Graphics", but unofficially "PNG's not GIF".{{Cite web|title=Web Review: PNG's NOT GIF!|url=https://people.apache.org/~jim/NewArchitect/webrevu/1997/05_09/designers/05_09_97_1.html|access-date=2021-11-24|website=people.apache.org|first=Greg|last=Roelofs|archive-date=30 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330031000/https://people.apache.org/~jim/NewArchitect/webrevu/1997/05_09/designers/05_09_97_1.html|url-status=live}}
RPM: RPM Package Manager
SPARQL: SPARQL Protocol And RDF Query Language
TikZ: TikZ ist kein Zeichenprogramm (German; TikZ is not a drawing program)
TiLP: TiLP is Linking Program
TIP: TIP isn't Pico
TRESOR: TRESOR Runs Encryption Securely Outside RAM
UIRA: UIRA Isn't Recursive Acronym
WINE: WINE Is Not Emulator{{cite web|url=http://wiki.winehq.org/FAQ#head-8b4fbbe473bd0d51d936bcf298f5b7f0e8d25f2e|title=FAQ—The Official Wine Wiki|access-date=2009-01-16|archive-date=24 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224080708/https://wiki.winehq.org/FAQ#head-8b4fbbe473bd0d51d936bcf298f5b7f0e8d25f2e|url-status=live}}{{Failed verification|date=August 2024}}
XAMPP: XAMPP Apache MariaDB PHP Perl
XBMC: XBMC Media Center (originally Xbox Media Center)
XINU: XINU Is Not Unix
XNA: XNA's Not Acronym'd
YAML: YAML Ain't Markup Language (initially "Yet Another Markup Language")
YARA: Yara: Another Recursive Acronym
Zinf: Zinf Is Not FreeAmp
ZWEI: ZWEI Was EINE Initially ("eine" and "zwei" are German for "one" and "two" respectively)

Other examples

=Companies and organizations=

BWIA: BWIA West Indies Airways (formerly British West Indian Airways){{Cite web|title=Airline Timetable Images|url=https://www.timetableimages.com/|access-date=2021-11-16|website=www.timetableimages.com}}
CYGNUS Solutions: "Cygnus, Your GNU Solutions"
HIJOS: Hijas e Hijos por la Identidad y la Justicia contra el Olvido y el Silencio{{cite web|title=H.I.J.O.S.|url=https://cl.boell.org/es/2010/10/05/hijos-hijas-e-hijos-por-la-identidad-y-la-justicia-contra-el-olvido-y-el-silencio|lang=es|date=5 October 2010|author=Paloma de la Paz Montes Araya|work=Heinrich Böll Stiftung - Santiago de Chile|accessdate=20 June 2024}} (literally, "Daughters and Sons for Identity and Justice against Forgetfulness and Silence")
HIM: HIM International Music, Taiwanese independent record label
MEGA: MEGA Encrypted Global Access{{cite web|title=MEGA|url=https://mega.co.nz/#help|access-date=19 January 2013|archive-date=2 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102235347/https://mega.co.nz/#help|url-status=live}}
MOM: MOM's Organic Market{{cite web |title=MOM's Organic Market homepage |url=https://momsorganicmarket.com/ |publisher=MOM's Organic Market |access-date=8 June 2022 |archive-date=10 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610113426/https://momsorganicmarket.com/ |url-status=live }}
SAAB: Saab Automobile AB
TAP: TAP Air Portugal
VISA: Visa International Service Association{{Cite web|title=Visa International Service Association|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/4824Z:US|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425235757/https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/4824Z:US|archive-date=April 25, 2021|access-date=2021-11-16|website=www.bloomberg.com}}
ZINC: ZINC Is Not Commercial
OIL: Oil India Limited. However it can be debatable as "Oil" is a noun and the company is in the oil industry.

=In media=

The initials for the Commodore CDTV stand for Commodore Commodore Dynamic Total Vision.
TTP: a technology project in the Dilbert comic strip. The initials stand for "The TTP Project".{{cite web |title=Dilbert's TTP Project |url=http://dilbert.com/strip/1994-05-18 |website=Dilbert |access-date=9 July 2018 |archive-date=10 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710012425/http://dilbert.com/strip/1994-05-18 |url-status=dead}}
GRUNGE: defined by Homer Simpson in The Simpsons episode That '90s Show as "Guitar Rock Utilizing Nihilist Grunge Energy", another uncommon example of a recursive acronym whose recursive letter is neither the first nor the last letter.
BOB: the primary antagonist from the series Twin Peaks. His name itself is an acronym standing for "Beware of BOB".
KOS-MOS: a character from the Xenosaga series of video games. "KOS-MOS" is a recursive acronym meaning "Kosmos Obey Strategical Multiple Operation System".
Hiroshi Yoshimura's "A・I・R" stands for "AIR IN RESORT".

=Brands and products=

MIATA: MIATA is Always the Answer {{Cite web |url= https://www.msn.com/en-us/autos/enthusiasts/miata-is-the-answer-why-i-finally-bought-one/ar-AA1jnSBk |title= Miata Is The Answer: Why I Finally Bought One |author= David LaChance |date= 4 November 2023 |agency= Hemmings |publisher= MSN }}
The GNU Hurd project is named with a mutually recursive acronym: "Hurd" stands for "Hird Unix-Replacing Daemons", and "Hird" stands for "Hurd Interfaces Representing Depth."
Jini claims the distinction of being the first recursive anti-acronym: 'Jini Is Not Initials'.[http://www.artima.com/jini/faq.html#acronym FAQ for JINI-USERS Mailing List] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917065721/http://www.artima.com/jini/faq.html#acronym |date=17 September 2013 }}, Retrieved 18 November 2013Introduction to The Jini Specification, Arnold et al, Pearson, 1999, {{ISBN|0201616343}} It might, however, be more properly termed an anti-backronym because the term "Jini" never stood for anything in the first place. The more recent "XNA", on the other hand, was deliberately designed that way.

=Special=

RPM, PHP, XBMC and YAML were originally conventional acronyms which were later redefined recursively. They are examples of, or may be referred to as, backronymization,{{Citation needed|date=September 2010|reason=There's little evidence that this word exists outside of Wikipedia.}} where the official meaning of an acronym is changed.
Most recursive acronyms are recursive on the first letter, which is therefore an arbitrary choice, often selected for reasons of humour, ease of pronunciation, or consistency with an earlier acronym that used the same letters for different words, such as PHP, which now stands for "PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor", but was originally "Personal Home Page". However YOPY, "Your own personal YOPY" is recursive on the last letter.
A joke implying that the middle initial "B." in the name of Benoit B. Mandelbrot stands for "Benoit B. Mandelbrot" plays on the idea that fractals, which Mandelbrot studied, repeat themselves at smaller and smaller scales when examined closely.

=Other=

According to Hayyim Vital, a 16th–17th century kabbalist, the Hebrew word adam (אדם, meaning "man") is an acronym for adam, dibbur, maaseh (man, speech, deed).{{Cite web |url=https://www.sefaria.org/Pri_Etz_Chaim%2C_Gate_of_Rosh_Hashana.2.23?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en |title=Pri Etz Chaim, Gate of Rosh Hashana 2:23 |access-date=30 September 2021 |archive-date=30 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930195059/https://www.sefaria.org/Pri_Etz_Chaim,_Gate_of_Rosh_Hashana.2.23?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en |url-status=live }}
According to Isaac Luria, a 16th-century kabbalist, the Hebrew word tzitzit (ציצת in its Biblical spelling, meaning "ritual fringes") is an acronym for tzaddik yafrid tzitziyotav tamid ("a righteous person should separate [the strings of] his tzitzit constantly").[https://www.sefaria.org.il/Mishnah_Berurah.8.18?vhe=Wikitext&lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en Mishnah Brurah, 8:18]