religious violence in Nigeria

Nigeria was amalgamated in 1914, only about a decade after the defeat of the Sokoto Caliphate and other Islamic states by the British, which were to constitute much of Northern Nigeria. The aftermath of the First World War saw Germany lose its colonies, one of which was Cameroon, to French, Belgian and British mandates. Cameroon was divided into French and British parts, the latter of which was further subdivided into southern and northern parts. Following a plebiscite in 1961, the Southern Cameroons elected to rejoin French Cameroon, while the Northern Cameroons opted to join Nigeria, a move which added to Nigeria's already large Northern Muslim population.{{cite book|last1=Meredith|first1=Martin|author-link=Martin Meredith|title=The State of Africa: A History of Fifty Years of Independence|publisher=The Free Press|page=197|chapter=11. A House Divided}} The territory comprised much of what is now Northeastern Nigeria, and a large part of the areas affected by the present and past insurgencies.

Following the return of democratic government in 1999, the Muslim-dominated northern Nigerian states have introduced Sharia law, including punishments against blasphemyAmnesty International. [http://www.amnestyusa.org/document.php?lang=e&id=4FBA416ABC8805C2802569A600603109 Report on Saudi Arabia 2007]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110322025221/http://www.amnestyusa.org/document.php?lang=e&id=4FBA416ABC8805C2802569A600603109 Archived from the original]. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110322025221/http://www.amnestyusa.org/document.php?lang=e&id=4FBA416ABC8805C2802569A600603109 |date=March 22, 2011 }}Amnesty International. [http://thereport.amnesty.org/en/regions/middle-east-north-africa/saudi-arabia Amnesty International Report on Saudi Arabia 2009]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20091007005925/http://thereport.amnesty.org/en/regions/middle-east-north-africa/saudi-arabia Archived from the original]. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100115220652/http://thereport.amnesty.org/en/regions/middle-east-north-africa/saudi-arabia |date=January 15, 2010 }} and apostasy.{{cite web |author1= |title=Nigeria: Recent reports regarding the treatment of persons who convert from Islam to Christianity. Recent reports on Sharia law in relation to religious conversion], Ireland: Refugee Documentation Centre, 26 June 2012, Q15539 |url=http://www.refworld.org/docid/50068bbf2.html |website=webarchive.archive.unhcr.org |access-date=18 July 2014}} Several incidents have occurred whereby people have been killed for or in response to perceived blasphemy. Since the turn of the 21st century, 62,000 Nigerian Christians have been killed by the terrorist group Boko Haram, Fulani herdsmen and other groups. The killings have been referred to as a silent genocide.

{{For timeline}}

{{Persecutions of the Catholic Church sidebar}}

Religious conflict in Nigeria goes as far back as 1953, and in the case of the town of Tafawa Balewa, to 1948.{{cite web

|last = Augustine adah

|title = Will relocation of Tafawa Balewa LG headquarters guarantee peace?

|work = Hallmark

|access-date = 2014-06-21

|date = 2013-07-23

|url = http://www.hallmarknews.com/relocation-tafawa-balewa-lg-headquarters-guarantee-peace/

|url-status = dead

|archive-url = https://archive.today/20140621124351/http://www.hallmarknews.com/relocation-tafawa-balewa-lg-headquarters-guarantee-peace/

|archive-date = 2014-06-21

}}

The 1980s saw an upsurge in violence due to the death of Mohammed Marwa ("Maitatsine") (see below). In the same decade, the military ruler of Nigeria, General Ibrahim Babangida, enrolled Nigeria in the Organisation of the Islamic Conference. This was a move which aggravated religious tensions in the country, particularly among the Christian community.Holman, Michael (24 February 1986) "Nigeria, Politics; Religious Differences Intensify", Financial Times, In response, some in the Muslim community pointed out that certain other African member states have smaller proportions of Muslims, as well as Nigeria's diplomatic relations with the Holy See.

Since the return of democracy to Nigeria in 1999, Sharia was instituted as a main body of civil and criminal law in 9 Muslim-majority and in some parts of 3 Muslim-plurality states, when then-Zamfara State governor Ahmad Rufai Sani{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1885052.stm | title=Nigerian Sharia architect defends law | work=BBC| date=20 May 2014 | access-date=7 June 2014 |author1=Jonah, Adamu |author2=Igboeroteonwu, Anamesere |name-list-style=amp }} began the push for the institution of Sharia at the state level of government.

In the 1980s, the serious outbreak between Christians and Muslims occurred in Kafanchan in southern Kaduna State in a border area between the two religions, propagated by extreme leaders who were able to rally a young, educated group of individuals who feared that the nation would not be able to protect their religious group.{{cite web |last1=Ibrahim |first1=Jibrin |title=The Politics of Religion in Nigeria: The Parameters of the 1987 Crisis in Kaduna State |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4006011 |website=Review of African Political Economy |access-date=6 September 2024 |pages=65–82 |date=1989}} The leaders were able to polarize their followers through speeches and public demonstrations.Ibrahim, p. 65

The activities in those times had led to the loss of lives and properties as they moved about destroying government facilities which they saw as legacies or replica of western cultures in their various communities. These religious campaigns have seen an increase in gun battles between the members of these sects and security forces with loss of lives witnessed on both sides.{{cite web |url=http://www.nigeriaplus.com/understanding-boko-haram-a-theology-of-chaos-by-chris-ngwodo/ |title=Understanding Boko Haram – A Theology of Chaos: by Chris Ngwodo |publisher=Nigeriaplus.com |date=2010-10-06 |access-date=13 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313215259/http://www.nigeriaplus.com/understanding-boko-haram-a-theology-of-chaos-by-chris-ngwodo/ |archive-date=13 March 2012 }} Although direct conflicts between Christians and Muslims were rare, tensions did flare between the two groups as each group radicalised. There were clashes in October 1982 when Muslim zealots in Kano were able to enforce their power in order to keep the Anglican House Church from expanding its size and power base. They saw it as a threat to the nearby Mosque, even though the Anglican House Church had been there forty years prior to the building of the Mosque.Ibrahim, pp. 65-66 Additionally, there were two student groups in Nigeria who came into contestation, the Fellowship of Christian Students and the Muslim Student Society. In one instance there was an evangelical campaign organised by the FCS and brought into question why one sect should dominate the campus of the Kaduna State College of Education in Kafanchan. This quarrel accelerated to the point where the Muslim students organised protests around the city and burned a Church at the college. The Christian majority at the college retaliated on March 9. Twelve people died, several Mosques were burnt and a climate of fear was created. The retaliation was pre-planned.Ibrahim, pp. 66–68

The exploitation of the media used to propagate the ideas of the conflict, thereby radicalising each force even more. Media was biased on each side so while places like the Federal Radio Corporation discussed the idea of defending Islam during this brief moment of terror, it did not report the deaths and damage caused by Muslims, galvanising the Muslim population. Similarly, the Christian papers did not report the damage and deaths caused by Christians but rather focused on the Islamic terror.Ibrahim, pp. 67–70 Other individuals leading these religious movements use the media to spread messages which gradually became more intolerant of other religions, and because of these religious divisions radical Islam continues to be a problem in Nigeria today.Ibrahim, p. 72

{{main|Kano 1980 riot|Maitatsine|Yan Tatsine}}

In the late 1970s and early 1980s, there was a major Islamic uprising led by Maitatsine and his followers, Yan Tatsine that led to several thousand deaths. After Maitatsine's death in 1980, the movement continued some five years more.

In 1991, the German evangelist Reinhard Bonnke was accused of attempting to start a crusade in Kano, causing a religious riot leading to the deaths of more than a dozen people.[https://books.google.com/books?id=_o7WNA3iMKsC Violence in Nigeria: The Crisis of Religious Politics and Secular Ideologies], by Toyin Falola, pg 212. {{ISBN|1580460186}}, {{ISBN|9781580460187}}[http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6aad124.html Nigeria: Information about a riot on 14 October 1991 at a meeting with the German evangelist Reinhard Bounike in Kano.] Canada: Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, 1 August 1992, NGA11576, accessed 8 June 2014

Since the restoration of democracy in 1999, secular governments have dominated the country at the federal level, while the Muslim-dominated Northern Nigerian states have implemented strict Sharia law. Religious conflict between Muslims and Christians has erupted several times since 2000 for various reasons, often causing riots with several thousands of victims on both sides.{{aut|Johannes Harnischfeger}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ftfXThvfQHkC Democratization and Islamic Law: The Sharia Conflict in Nigeria] (Frankfurt am Main 2008). Campus Verlag. {{ISBN|3593382563}} Since 2009, the Islamist movement Boko Haram has fought an armed rebellion against the Nigerian military, sacking villages and towns and taking thousands of lives in battles and massacres against Christians, students and others deemed enemies of Islam.

The events of Abuja in 2000 and Jos in 2001 were riots between Christians and Muslims in Jos, Nigeria about the appointment of a Muslim politician, Alhaji Muktar Mohammed, as local coordinator of the federal programme to fight poverty.{{cite magazine|url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2001/octoberweb-only/10-1-23.0.html|title=Religious Riots in Nigeria Leave Hundreds Dead|magazine=Christianity Today|date=2001-10-01|author=Obed Minchakpu|access-date=2008-11-30}} Another such riot killed over 100 people in October 2001 in Kano State.[https://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-a-2001-10-16-32-obasanjo-67542777/286046.html Obasanjo Assesses Riot Damage in Kano - 2001-10-16]. Voice of America News.{{cite news |title=Kano: Nigeria's ancient city-state |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3708309.stm |work=BBC online |publisher= BBC|date=2004-05-20 |access-date=2007-07-12 }}

In 2002, the Nigerian journalist Isioma Daniel wrote an article that led to the demonstrations and violence that caused the deaths of over 200 in Kaduna,[http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/23/newsid_3226000/3226740.stm On this day. 2002: Riots force Miss World out of Nigeria]. BBC News website, Sunday, 24 November 2002, 14:49 GMT.[https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/nigeria0703_full.pdf THE "MISS WORLD RIOTS": Continued Impunity for Killings in Kaduna]. Human Rights Watch, Vol. 15, No. 13 (A), 23 July 2003.[http://europe.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/africa/11/26/riots.obasanjo/index.html Obasanjo blames media for Miss World riots], CNN.com. Tuesday, 26 November 2002. Posted: 1144 GMT as well as a fatwa placed on her life.{{cite web

| first=James

| last=Astill

|author2=Bowcott, Owen

| title=Fatwa is issued on Nigerian journalist

| url=https://www.theguardian.com/international/story/0,3604,848553,00.html

| website=Guardian Unlimited

| date=27 November 2002

| access-date=2007-07-21 }}

The 2002 Miss World contest was moved from Abuja to London as a result. The rest of the 2000s decade would see inter-religious violence continue in Jos and Kaduna.

The reaction to the Mohammed cartoons brought about a series of violent protests in Nigeria. Clashes between rioters and police claimed several lives, with estimates ranging from 16[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/feb/19/muhammadcartoons.ameliahill Nigeria cartoon riots kill 16], Amelia Hill and Anushka Asthana. The Observer, Sunday 19 February 2006. to more than a hundred.[http://www.christiantoday.com/article/churches.burned.in.nigeria.riots.death.toll.passes.127/5481.htm Churches Burned in Nigeria Riots; Death Toll Passes 127.] Christian Today, 27 February 2006. This led to reprisal attacks in the south of the country, particularly in Onitsha.{{cite web |title=Muslim dead burnt after Nigerian riots - Taipei Times |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2006/02/24/2003294406 |website=www.taipeitimes.com |access-date=8 Jun 2014 |date=24 February 2006}}[http://reliefweb.int/report/nigeria/least-27-dead-new-religious-riots-nigeria At least 27 dead in new religious riots in Nigeria.] George Esiri, 22 Feb 2006. More than a hundred lost their lives.[http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2006/februaryweb-only/108-41.0.html#nigeria 100+ Dead After Anti-Muslim Riots], Ted Olsen/ 23 February 2006. Christianity Today.[http://www.gamji.com/article5000/NEWS5671.htm Why the Cartoon Protest turned Lethal in Northern Nigeria.] By Sunday B. Agang.

In 2018, US President Donald Trump called out the killing of Christians in Nigeria.{{Cite web|last=Ochab|first=Ewelina U.|title=Trump May Not Be Wrong On the Fulani Herdsmen Crisis In Nigeria|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ewelinaochab/2018/05/04/trump-may-not-be-wrong-on-the-fulani-herdsmen-crisis-in-nigeria/|access-date=2020-12-16|website=Forbes|language=en}}

In May 2022, Deborah Yakubu, a Christian student in Sokoto, was lynched outside her university by a Muslim mob.{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-05-13 |title=NIGERIA: Christian student stoned and burned to death in Sokoto |url=https://acninternational.org/nigeria-christian-student-stoned-and-burned-to-death/ |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=ACN International |language=en-US}} Following the lynching, there was violence against other Christian sites, according to a statement released by the Catholic Diocese of Sokoto. "During the protest, groups of youths led by some adults in the background attacked the Holy Family Catholic Cathedral at Bello Way, destroying church glass windows, those of the Bishop Lawton Secretariat, and vandalized a community bus parked within the premises. St. Kevin’s Catholic Church was also attacked and partly burnt; windows of the new hospital complex under construction, in the same premises, were shattered. The hoodlums also attacked the Bakhita Centre […], burning down a bus within the premises.”{{Cite web |last=ACN |date=2022-05-17 |title=Anti-Christian violence and curfew follow killing of girl in Sokoto, Nigeria |url=https://acninternational.org/anti-christian-violence-in-nigeria/ |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=ACN International |language=en-US}}

In June 2022, a massacre left over 50 parishioners dead in the St. Francis Xavier Church, in Owo.{{Cite web |last=ACN |date=2022-06-07 |title=ACN statement about the Pentecost massacre in St. Francis Xavier Church in Owo, Nigeria |url=https://acninternational.org/massacre-in-owo-nigeria/ |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=ACN International |language=en-US}} Responsibility for the attack was unclear, but the Government blamed ISWAP, whereas many locals blamed Fulani herdsmen.

Besides issues with terrorist groups Boko Haram and ISWAP, Christians also complain of persecution by Fulani herdsmen, who are mostly Muslim, and who have terrorised mostly Christian farmers in the Middle Belt. Christian clergy and faithful have also been targeted in cases of kidnapping by armed gangs seeking ransoms. In a speech in the European Parliament, in October 2022, bishop Wilfred Chikpa Anagbe, of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Makurdi, compared the situation of Christians in his country to "nothing short of a Jihad clothed in many names: terrorism, kidnappings, killer herdsmen, banditry, other militia groups" and called on the international community to abandon what he termed a "conspiracy of silence" on the subject.{{cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-10-17 |title=Church in Nigeria |url=https://acninternational.org/church-in-nigeria-under-attack/ |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=ACN International |language=en-US}}

According to Aid to the Church in Need, four Catholic priests were murdered in Nigeria in 2022 alone, and 23 priests and one seminarian were kidnapped during the year, or had been kidnapped before but remained in captivity in 2022. The majority of the kidnapped priests were later released, although three were killed and, in November 2022, three were still missing, including Fr John Bako Shekwolo, who was kidnapped in March 2019. A further four nuns were kidnapped in 2022, and released soon afterward. The priests who were murdered were Fr Vitus Borogo,{{cite web |last=ACN |date=2022-06-29 |title=Murder of two catholic priests in Nigeria |url=https://acninternational.org/murder-of-priests-in-nigeria/ |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=ACN International |language=en-US}} Fr Joseph Bako,{{cite web |last=ACN |date=2022-05-12 |title=ACN deplores murder of Fr Joseph in Kaduna, Nigeria |url=https://acninternational.org/murder-of-fr-joseph-in-nigeria/ |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=ACN International |language=en-US}} Fr John Mark Cheitnum,{{cite web |last=ACN |date=2022-07-21 |title=Another priest killed in Nigeria |url=https://acninternational.org/another-priest-killed-in-nigeria/ |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=ACN International |language=en-US}} and Fr Christopher Odia.{{cite web |last=ACN |date=2022-07-05 |title=Three more priests kidnapped in Nigeria |url=https://acninternational.org/three-more-priests-kidnapped-in-nigeria/ |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=ACN International |language=en-US}} The Catholic organisation, which has several projects in Nigeria, deplored the wave of violence, saying: "The increase in kidnappings, murders and general violence against civilians, including members of the Catholic clergy in many parts of Nigeria, is a scourge that is yet to be properly addressed by the local authorities". A further three Catholic clerics were murdered for reasons of persecution in 2023, namely Fr Isaac Achi, seminarian Na'aman Danlami, and Benedictine friar Godwin Eze. During the same year 25 priests or seminarians and three women religious were kidnapped in Nigeria, making it the country with the highest number of Catholic clergy kidnap victims in the world, that year.{{Cite web |last=ACN |date=2024-01-09 |title=Dozens of priests arrested in 2023 as authoritarian regimes crack down on Church |url=https://acninternational.org/dozens-of-priests-arrested-in-2023-as-authoritarian-regimes-crack-down-on-church/ |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=ACN International |language=en-US}}

During an online conference, in June 2022, bishop Matthew Man-Oso Ndagaoso, from the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kaduna, summed up the problems affecting Christians in the country. "For the past 14 years the nation has been grappling with Boko Haram, mostly in the northeast. While we were grappling with that, we had the issue of banditry in the northwest. And while we were grappling with this, we had the issue of kidnappings for ransom, which is becoming more widespread. And while grappling with this we have the old conflict with the Fulani herders."{{cite web |last=ACN |date=2022-06-03 |title=The Government has failed us in Nigeria, and the West is complicit |url=https://acninternational.org/religious-freedom-in-nigeria/ |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=ACN International |language=en-US}} Regarding the murders and kidnappings of priests in Nigeria, the same bishop said, in another interview, "everybody is on edge. All of us, the clergy, the laypeople, everybody. People are afraid, and rightly so. People are traumatised, and rightly so. With this situation, nobody is safe anywhere. If you go out of your house, even in the daytime, until you come back, you are not safe".

News of massacres of Christians in parts of Nigeria's Middle Belt continued to emerge regularly. Around Christmas 2023 at least 300 Christians were murdered in Plateau State. None of the perpetrators were held to account.{{Cite web |last=ACN |date=2024-01-18 |title=Nigeria: No justice for 300 people massacred on Christmas Eve |url=https://acninternational.org/nigeria-no-justice-for-300-people-massacred-on-christmas-eve/ |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=ACN International |language=en-US}} In the Diocese of Makurdi, in Benue State, also in the Middle Belt, at least 500 Christians were killed throughout 2023.{{Cite web |last=ACN |date=2024-01-25 |title=Attacks caused over 500 victims in Nigeria’s Benue State in 2023 |url=https://acninternational.org/attacks-caused-over-500-victims-in-nigerias-benue-state-in-2023/ |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=ACN International |language=en-US}} A further large-scale massacre took place around Easter 2024 in Plateau State, killing at least 39 people, while at least 239 were confirmed to have bene killed in Benue State in the first three months of 2024.{{Cite web |last=ACN |date=2024-04-19 |title=Brutal killing of Christians in Nigeria’s Middle Belt continue |url=https://acninternational.org/brutal-killing-of-christians-in-nigerias-middle-belt-continue/ |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=ACN International |language=en-US}}

• Religion in Nigeria
• Sharia in Nigeria
• Islamic extremism in Northern Nigeria
• List of massacres in Nigeria
• Timeline of Boko Haram insurgency

{{notelist}}

{{reflist}}

• {{cite journal |url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/africa/west-africa/nigeria/216-curbing-violence-in-nigeria-ii-the-boko-haram-insurgency.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117095404/https://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/africa/west-africa/nigeria/216-curbing-violence-in-nigeria-ii-the-boko-haram-insurgency.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2016 |title=Curbing Violence in Nigeria (II): The Boko Haram Insurgency |date=3 April 2014 |journal=Africa Report |publisher=International Crisis Group |issue=216 |location=Brussels |ref={{harvid|ICG|2014}} }}
• {{cite journal |url=https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/244-watchmen-of-lake-chad-vigilante-groups-fighting-boko-haram.pdf |title=Watchmen of Lake Chad: Vigilante Groups Fighting Boko Haram |date=23 February 2018 |journal=Africa Report |publisher=International Crisis Group |issue=244 |location=Brussels |ref={{harvid|ICG|2018}} |access-date=17 June 2023 |archive-date=11 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311012721/https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/244-watchmen-of-lake-chad-vigilante-groups-fighting-boko-haram.pdf |url-status=dead }}
• {{cite book|author=TRADOC G-2 |title=Threat Tactics Report: Boko Haram |url=https://info.publicintelligence.net/USArmy-BokoHaram.pdf |date=2015 |publisher=United States Army Training and Doctrine Command |location=Fort Eustis }}
• {{Cite journal |url = https://ctc.usma.edu/app/uploads/2019/01/CTC-SENTINEL-082018-final.pdf |title = The Islamic State in Africa: Estimating Fighter Numbers in Cells Across the Continent |last1 = Warner |first1 = Jason |last2 = Hulme |first2 = Charlotte |date = 2018 |journal = CTC Sentinel |publisher = Combating Terrorism Center |issue = 7 |volume = 11 |location = West Point, New York |pages = 21–28 |access-date = 2021-07-25 |archive-date = 2019-08-08 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190808191724/https://ctc.usma.edu/app/uploads/2019/01/CTC-SENTINEL-082018-final.pdf |url-status = dead }}

• [http://www.humanrights.de/doc_it/countries/nigeria/background/kayode_int_270101.html Arewa politicians are to blame for riots in Nigeria - OPC's chief speaks out in Germany] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725021337/http://www.humanrights.de/doc_it/countries/nigeria/background/kayode_int_270101.html |date=2014-07-25 }}
• [http://www.photius.com/countries/nigeria/national_security/nigeria_national_security_religious_sectariani~10048.html Nigeria Religious Sectarianism]

{{Post-Cold War African conflicts}}

Category:Terrorism in Nigeria

Category:Ethnic cleansing in Africa

Category:Persecution of Christians

Category:Persecution by Muslims

Category:Discrimination in Nigeria