renewable energy in India

India ranks first in terms of population and accounts for 17% of the world's population. India is globally ranked 3rd in consumption of energy. In terms of installed capacity and investment in renewable energy, the EY's Renewable Energy Country Attractiveness Index (RECAI) ranking in July 2021 is as follows:

The technology-specific RECAI scores (and rank) in 2021 are as follows:

The installed capacity of renewable power is 125.159 GW as of 31 March 2023.{{cite web |title=State-wise installed capacity of Renewable Power as of 31.03.2023 |url=https://mnre.gov.in/img/documents/uploads/file_s-1681211407657.pdf |access-date=18 May 2023 |archive-date=12 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512134910/https://mnre.gov.in/img/documents/uploads/file_s-1681211407657.pdf |url-status=live }} The government has announced that no new coal-based capacity addition is required beyond the 50 GW under different stages of construction likely to come online between 2017 and 2022.{{cite web|url=http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/others/planning/rti/re_version4.pdf|title=Report on Payment dues of RE Generators up to 31.07.2019|publisher=Central Electricity Authority, Ministry of Power, Govt. of India|access-date=1 October 2019|archive-date=1 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001132956/http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/others/planning/rti/re_version4.pdf|url-status=dead}}

{{update|section|date=December 2024}}

Year wise renewable energy generation in TWh.{{cite web |url=http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/renewable/2019/renewable-03.pdf |title=Summary of All India Provisional Renewable Energy Generation |publisher=CEA |access-date=3 May 2019 |archive-date=3 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503165613/http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/renewable/2019/renewable-03.pdf |url-status=dead }}

The following table shows the breakdown of existing installed capacity in March 2020 from all sources, and includes 141.6 GW from renewable sources. Since 2019, the hydropower generated by the under Ministry of Power is also counted towards Ministry of New and Renewable Energy's Renewable Energy Purchase Obligation (REPO) targets, under which the DISCOMs (Distribution Companies) of various states have to source a certain percentage of their power from Renewable Energy Sources under two categories, Solar and Non-Solar.

Off-grid power as of 31 July 2019 (MNRE) capacity:{{Cite web|url=http://mnre.gov.in/physical-progress-achievements|title=Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Physical Progress (Achievements)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503151432/http://mnre.gov.in/physical%2Dprogress%2Dachievements|archive-date=2018-05-03|url-status=dead}}

{{See also|Electricity sector in India}}

All time maximum solar and wind power generation is 65,804 MW and 28,974 MW as of 7 March 2025 respectively.{{cite web|title=Daily Variable Renewable Energy (VRE) Generation Report, Grid India|url=https://report.grid-india.in/vre_report.php|access-date=26 January 2025}}

{{Main | Hydroelectric power in India }}

India ranks 5th globally for installed hydroelectric power capacity.{{cite web|url= https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/india-overtakes-japan-with-fifth-largest-hydropower-capacity-in-the-world/76095023|title= India overtakes Japan with fifth-largest hydropower capacity in the world|access-date= 30 May 2020|archive-date= 5 June 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200605015802/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/india-overtakes-japan-with-fifth-largest-hydropower-capacity-in-the-world/76095023|url-status= live}} As of 31 March 2020, India's installed utility-scale hydroelectric capacity was 45,699 MW, or 12.35% of its total utility power generation capacity.

Additional smaller hydroelectric power units with a total capacity of 4,380 MW (1.3% of its total utility power generation capacity) have been installed.{{cite web|url=http://www.mnre.gov.in/mission-and-vision-2/achievements/|title=Renewable Energy Physical Progress as on 31-03-2016|publisher=Ministry of New & Renewable Energy, GoI|access-date=14 June 2017|archive-date=1 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301162808/http://www.mnre.gov.in/mission-and-vision-2/achievements|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://www.cea.nic.in/monthlyinstalledcapacity.html|title=All India Installed Capacity of Utility Power Stations|access-date=23 April 2020|archive-date=22 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422063818/http://cea.nic.in/monthlyinstalledcapacity.html|url-status=live}} Small hydropower, defined to be generated at facilities with nameplate capacities up to 25 MW, comes under the ambit of the Ministry of New and Renewable energy (MNRE); while large hydro, defined as above 25 MW, comes under the ambit of the Ministry of Power.{{cite web|url=http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/executivesummary/2017/exe_summary-02.pdf|title=Executive Summary Power Sector February 2017|date=28 February 2017|work=report|publisher=Central Electricity Authority, Ministry of Power, Govt. of India|access-date=24 April 2017|archive-date=17 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417140545/http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/executivesummary/2017/exe_summary-02.pdf|url-status=dead}}{{Cite web|url=https://mnre.gov.in/small-hydro|title=Small Hydro|website=Government of India Ministry of New and Renewable Energy|access-date=6 April 2019|archive-date=20 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220053206/http://mnre.gov.in/small-hydro|url-status=live}}

India is endowed with vast potential of pumped hydroelectric energy storage which can be used economically for converting the non-dispatchable renewable energy like wind, solar and run of the river hydro power in to base/peak load power supply for its ultimate energy needs.{{cite web |url=https://nationalmap.gov.au/renewables/#share=s-oDPMo1jDBBtwBNhD |title=Interactive map showing the feasible locations of PSS projects in India |access-date=19 November 2019 |archive-date=3 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603022914/https://nationalmap.gov.au/renewables/#share=s-oDPMo1jDBBtwBNhD |url-status=live }}{{cite web|url= https://www.vox.com/energy-and-environment/2019/8/9/20767886/renewable-energy-storage-cost-electricity|title= Getting to 100% renewables requires cheap energy storage. But how cheap?|date= 9 August 2019|access-date= 20 May 2020|archive-date= 26 May 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200526085338/https://www.vox.com/energy-and-environment/2019/8/9/20767886/renewable-energy-storage-cost-electricity|url-status= live}}

{{Main|Solar power in India}}

File:India GHI Solar-resource-map GlobalSolarAtlas World-Bank-Esmap-Solargis.png

India is densely populated and has high solar insolation, an ideal combination for using solar power in India. Announced in November 2009, the Government of India proposed to launch its Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission under the National Action Plan on Climate Change. The program was inaugurated[https://web.archive.org/web/20100115080517/http://www.hindu.com/2010/01/12/stories/2010011260911100.htm JNNSM Inauguration] by former Prime Minister Manmohan Singh on 11 January 2010{{Cite web|url=http://www.mnre.gov.in/scheme-documents|title=Scheme – Documents|website=www.mnre.gov.in|language=en|access-date=2018-03-19|archive-date=20 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320105504/http://www.mnre.gov.in/scheme-documents|url-status=live}} with a target of 20GW grid capacity by 2022 as well as 2GW off-grid installations, this target was later increased to 100 GW by the same date under the Narendra Modi government in the 2015 Union budget of India.{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=122566|title=Revision of cumulative targets under National Solar Mission from 20,000 MW by 2021–22 to 1,00,000 MW|website=pib.nic.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030080613/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid%3D122566|archive-date=2016-10-30|url-status=dead|access-date=2017-03-27}} Achieving this National Solar Mission target would establish India in its ambition to be a global leader in solar power generation.{{cite web |last1=Saito |first1=Yolanda |title=INSIDE STORY: Transforming India into a solar power |url=https://cdkn.org/resource/cdkn-inside-story-transforming-india-into-a-solar-power/?loclang=en_gb |website=Climate and Development Knowledge Network |publisher=International Development Law Organisation |location=Centre for International Sustainable Development Law |language=en-gb |date=8 December 2011 |access-date=31 July 2013 |archive-date=4 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204145323/http://cdkn.org/resource/cdkn-inside-story-transforming-india-into-a-solar-power/?loclang=en_gb |url-status=live }} The Mission aims to achieve grid parity (electricity delivered at the same cost and quality as that delivered on the grid) by 2022. The National Solar Mission is also promoted and known by its more colloquial name of "Solar India". The earlier objectives of the mission were to install 1,000 MW of power by 2013 and cover {{convert|20|e6m2|abbr=on}} with collectors by the end of the final phase of the mission in 2022.{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-targets-1000mw-solar-power-in-2013/articleshow/5240907.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025161438/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-11-18/india/28064964_1_solar-power-solar-mission-solar-lighting-systems|url-status=live|archive-date=25 October 2012|title=India targets 1,000mw solar power in 2013|last1=Sethi|first1=Nitin|work=The Times of India|date=18 November 2009}} Looking Forward, the Narendra Modi Government takes another initiative for solar energy, The Solar Park Scheme, designed to establish 50 Solar Parks of 500 MW and above with a cumulative capacity of ~38 GW by 2025-26.{{Cite web |last=Aryan |first=Raaz |title=Solar Energy Industry in India |url=https://cupofglory.com/best-solar-energy-stocks-in-india/ |website=Cup of Glory|date=4 April 2024 }}

On 30 November 2015, the Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi and the President of France Francois Hollande launched the International Solar Alliance. The ISA is an alliance of 121 solar rich countries lying partially or fully between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn, several countries outside of this area are also involved with the organization. The ISA aims to promote and develop solar power amongst its members and has the objective of mobilising $1 trillion of investment by 2030.{{Cite web|url=http://www.isolaralliance.org/docs/ISA%20Folder/ISA%20Journey%20So%20Far.pdf|title=International Solar Alliance, ISA's Journey so far|access-date=23 March 2018|archive-date=23 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323155039/http://www.isolaralliance.org/docs/ISA%20Folder/ISA%20Journey%20So%20Far.pdf|url-status=live}} As of August, 2019, the Indian Oil Corporation stated that it wants to invest ₹25,000 crore in renewable energy projects.{{Cite web|url=https://mercomindia.com/indian-oil-corporation-renewable-energy/|title=Indian Oil Corporation Plans to Invest ₹250 Billion in Renewable Energy Projects|last=Ranganath|first=Ramya|date=2019-08-22|website=Mercom India|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-22|archive-date=22 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822145610/https://mercomindia.com/indian-oil-corporation-renewable-energy/|url-status=live}}

Much of the country does not have an electrical grid, so one of the first applications of solar power was for water pumping, to begin replacing India's forty to fifty lakh diesel powered water pumps, each consuming about 3.5 kilowatts, and off-grid lighting. Some large projects have been proposed, and a {{convert|35,000|km2|abbr=on}} area of the Thar Desert has been set aside for solar power projects, sufficient to generate 700 to 2,100 gigawatts. Solar power in India has been growing at a rate of 113% yoy{{cite web |url=https://www.pv-tech.org/news/india-surpasses-1gw-rooftop-solar-with-grid-parity-for-most-ci-consumers |title=India surpasses 1GW rooftop solar with grid parity for most C&I consumers |last=Kenning |first=Tom |publisher=PVTECH |date=19 October 2016 |access-date=24 April 2017 |work=report |archive-date=25 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425114200/https://www.pv-tech.org/news/india-surpasses-1gw-rooftop-solar-with-grid-parity-for-most-ci-consumers |url-status=live }} and now dropped to around {{INRConvert|4.34}} per kWh, which is around 18% lower than the average price for electricity generated by coal-fired plants.{{cite web |url=http://www.sciencealert.com/india-says-the-cost-of-solar-power-is-now-cheaper-than-coal |title=India surpasses 1GW rooftop solar with grid parity for most C&I consumers |last=Dockrill |first=Peter |publisher=scienceAlert |date=20 April 2017 |access-date=24 April 2017 |work=report |archive-date=18 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518105311/http://www.sciencealert.com/india-says-the-cost-of-solar-power-is-now-cheaper-than-coal |url-status=live }}{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-40120770 |title=Five effects of a US pull-out from Paris climate deal |last=McGrath |first=Matt |publisher=BBC |date=1 June 2017 |access-date=1 June 2017 |archive-date=5 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605000311/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-40120770 |url-status=live }}

As part of India's ambitious solar programme the central government has set up a US$350 million fund and the Yes Bank will loan US$5 billion to finance solar projects (c. January 2018). The bidding process for the addition of 115 GW to January 2018 renewable energy levels was completed by the end of 2019–2020.[http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/govt-to-set-up-350-million-fund-to-finance-solar-projects/story-7MtvXS185oQo0SKL2frDYM.html Govt to set up $350 million fund to finance solar projects] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118182404/http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/govt-to-set-up-350-million-fund-to-finance-solar-projects/story-7MtvXS185oQo0SKL2frDYM.html |date=18 January 2018 }}, Hindustan Times, 18 Jan 2018.

India is also the home to the world's first and only 100% solar-powered airport, located at Cochin, Kerala.{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencealert.com/india-establishes-world-s-first-100-percent-solar-powered-airport|title=India Establishes World's First 100 Percent Solar-Powered Airport|last=Crew|first=Bec|date=20 August 2015|work=report|publisher=scienceAlert|access-date=24 April 2017|archive-date=30 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170430033958/http://www.sciencealert.com/india-establishes-world-s-first-100-percent-solar-powered-airport|url-status=live}} India also has a wholly 100% solar-powered railway station in Guwhati, Assam. India's first and the largest floating solar power plant was constructed at Banasura Sagar reservoir in Wayanad, Kerala.{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/indias-largest-floating-solar-power-plant-opens-in-kerala/features-of-the-solar-plant/slideshow/61930257.cms|title=India's largest floating solar power plant opens in Kerala – Watt a sight!|website=The Economic Times|access-date=2018-04-14|archive-date=14 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414235246/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/indias-largest-floating-solar-power-plant-opens-in-kerala/features-of-the-solar-plant/slideshow/61930257.cms|url-status=live}}

The Indian Solar Loan Programme, supported by the United Nations Environment Programme has won the prestigious Energy Globe World award for Sustainability for helping to establish a consumer financing program for solar home power systems. Over three years more than 16,000 solar home systems have been financed through 2,000 bank branches, particularly in rural areas of South India where the electricity grid does not yet extend.{{Cite web |url=http://www.energyglobe.info/geg/frontend_en/view.php?MENUEID=138 |title=Consumer financing program for solar home systems in southern India |access-date=21 July 2009 |archive-date=7 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207061525/http://www.energyglobe.info/geg/frontend_en/view.php?MENUEID=138 |url-status=live }}[http://www.renewable-energy-world.com/articles/print_screen.cfm?ARTICLE_ID=289927 UNEP wins Energy Globe award] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929071302/http://www.renewable-energy-world.com/articles/print_screen.cfm?ARTICLE_ID=289927 |date=29 September 2007 }} Novel studies on optimizing social costs of solar deployment in India are also key target areas for achieving the ambitious targets of 100 GW solar. {{Cite journal |last=Basu |first=Soumya et al. (2021) |title=Assessing the geospatial nature of location-dependent costs in installation of solar photovoltaic plants (Research Paper) |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2021.07.068 |website=Elsevier, Energy Reports Journal 7 (2021)|doi=10.1016/j.egyr.2021.07.068 |hdl=2433/276236 |hdl-access=free }}

Launched in 2003, the Indian Solar Loan Programme was a four-year partnership between UNEP, the UNEP Risoe Centre, and two of India's largest banks, the Canara Bank and Syndicate Bank.

{{See also | Nuclear power in India }}

{{As of|2020|11}}, India had 10 nuclear reactors under-construction with a combined capacity of 8 GW and 23 existing nuclear reactors in operation in 8 nuclear power plants with a total installed capacity of 7.4 GW (3.11% of total power generation in India).{{cite web |url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/news/india/Kudankulam-nuclear-plant-begins-power-generation/articleshow/24524616.cms |title=Kudankulam nuclear plant begins power generation |work=Mumbai Mirror |date=22 October 2013 |access-date=29 January 2014 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303211537/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/news/india/Kudankulam-nuclear-plant-begins-power-generation/articleshow/24524616.cms |url-status=live }}{{cite web|url=http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/installedcapacity/2018/installed_capacity-03.pdf|title=India Installed Capacity|access-date=5 June 2018|archive-date=20 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180520054943/http://cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/installedcapacity/2018/installed_capacity-03.pdf|url-status=dead}}{{cite web |title=Plants under operation |url=https://npcil.nic.in/content/302_1_AllPlants.aspx |website=npcil.nic.in |publisher=(A Government of India Enterprise), Department of Atomic Energy |access-date=3 July 2021 |archive-date=4 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804194335/https://www.npcil.nic.in/content/302_1_AllPlants.aspx |url-status=live }} Nuclear power is the fifth-largest source of electricity in India after coal, hydroelectricity, solar, wind and gas power.

{{See also | Electricity sector in India#Biomass power | l1= Biomass electricity in India }}

India is an ideal environment for biomass production given its tropical location, sunshine and rains. The country's vast agricultural potential provides agro-residues which can be used to meet energy needs, both in heat and power applications.{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/Potential_for_advanced_biofuels_in_India.pdf|title=The potential for advanced biofuels in India: Assessing the availability of feedstocks and deployable technologies|access-date=16 December 2019|archive-date=16 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216170705/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/Potential_for_advanced_biofuels_in_India.pdf|url-status=live}} According to IREDA "Biomass is capable of supplementing the coal to the tune of about 26 crore (260 million) tonnes", "saving of about ₹2,50,000 crore, every year."{{Cite web|url=http://www.ireda.gov.in/forms/contentpage.aspx?lid=821|title=Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency Ltd. {{!}} Bio Energy|website=www.ireda.gov.in|access-date=2018-03-04|archive-date=5 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305062936/http://www.ireda.gov.in/forms/contentpage.aspx?lid=821|url-status=live}} It is estimated that the potential for biomass energy in India includes 16,000 MW from biomass energy and a further 3,500 MW from bagasse cogeneration. Biomass materials that can be used for power generation include bagasse, rice husk, straw, cotton stalk, coconut shells, soya husk, de-oiled cakes, coffee waste, jute wastes, groundnut shells and sawdust.

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In 2018, India has set target to produce 1.5 crore (15 million) tons (62 mmcmd) of biogas/bio-CNG by installing 5,000 large scale commercial type biogas plants which can produce daily 12.5 tons of bio-CNG by each plant.{{Cite web |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/compressed-biogas-to-beat-petrol-and-diesel-with-30-higher-mileage/66675432 |title=Compressed biogas to beat petrol and diesel with 30% higher mileage |access-date=18 November 2018 |archive-date=18 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118122934/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/compressed-biogas-to-beat-petrol-and-diesel-with-30-higher-mileage/66675432 |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/rs-20000-crore-to-be-invested-in-odisha-in-bio-gas-sector/67121335 |title=Rs 20,000 crore to be invested in Odisha in bio gas sector |access-date=17 December 2018 |archive-date=17 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217111047/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/rs-20000-crore-to-be-invested-in-odisha-in-bio-gas-sector/67121335 |url-status=live }} The rejected organic solids from biogas plants can be used after Torrefaction in the existing coal fired plants to reduce coal consumption.

The number of small family type biogas plants reached 3.98 million.

{{Main|Power-to-gas}}

Synthetic methane (SNG) generated using electricity from carbon neutral renewable power or Bio CNG can be used to produce protein rich feed for cattle, poultry and fish economically by cultivating Methylococcus capsulatus bacteria culture with tiny land and water foot print.{{Cite web |url=https://www.ntva.no/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/04-huslid.pdf |title=BioProtein Production |access-date=31 January 2018 |archive-date=10 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510151825/http://www.ntva.no/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/04-huslid.pdf |url-status=dead }}{{Cite web |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2112298-food-made-from-natural-gas-will-soon-feed-farm-animals-and-us/ |title=Food made from natural gas will soon feed farm animals – and us |access-date=31 January 2018 |archive-date=12 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012104207/https://www.newscientist.com/article/2112298-food-made-from-natural-gas-will-soon-feed-farm-animals-and-us/ |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |url=https://www.cargill.com/2016/new-venture-selects-cargill-tennessee-to-produce-feedkind |title=New venture selects Cargill's Tennessee site to produce Calysta FeedKind® Protein |access-date=31 January 2018 |archive-date=30 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230182858/https://www.cargill.com/2016/new-venture-selects-cargill-tennessee-to-produce-feedkind |url-status=live }} The carbon dioxide gas produced as by product from these bio protein plants can be recycled in the generation of SNG. Similarly, oxygen gas produced as by product from the electrolysis of water and the methanation process can be consumed in the cultivation of bacteria culture. With these integrated plants, the abundant renewable power potential in India can be converted in to high value food products without any water pollution or green house gas (GHG) emissions for achieving food security at a faster pace with lesser people deployment in agriculture / animal husbandry sector.{{cite web |url=https://www.carbontrust.com/media/672719/calysta-feedkind.pdf |title=Assessment of environmental impact of FeedKind protein |access-date=20 June 2017 |archive-date=2 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802163726/https://www.carbontrust.com/media/672719/calysta-feedkind.pdf |url-status=dead }}

Every year, about 5.5 crore (55 million) tonnes of municipal solid waste (MSW) and 3,800 crore (38 billion) litres of sewage are generated in the urban areas of India. In addition, large quantities of solid and liquid wastes are generated by industries. Waste generation in India is expected to increase rapidly in the future. As more people migrate to urban areas and as incomes increase, consumption levels are likely to rise, as are rates of waste generation. It is estimated that the amount of waste generated in India will increase at a per capita rate of approximately 1–1.33% annually.

This has significant impacts on the amount of land that is and will be needed for disposal, economic costs of collecting and transporting waste, and the environmental consequences of increased MSW generation levels.{{cite web|last=Emmanual|first=William|title=Energy Alternatives India|url=http://www.eai.in/ref/ae/wte/wte.html|publisher=EAI|access-date=5 March 2012|archive-date=7 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307133227/http://www.eai.in/ref/ae/wte/wte.html|url-status=live}}

India has had a long involvement with anaerobic digestion and biogas technologies. Waste water treatment plants in the country have been established which produce renewable energy from sewage gas. However, there is still significant untapped potential.[http://www.clarke-energy.com/2014/electricity-sewage-india/ Electricity from sewage in India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085905/http://www.clarke-energy.com/2014/electricity-sewage-india/ |date=19 August 2014 }}, www.clarke-energy.com, retrieved 15 August 2014

Also wastes from the distillery sector are on some sites converted into biogas to run in a gas engine to generate onsite power. Prominent companies in the waste to energy sector include:{{cite web|last=Emmanual|first=William|title=Energy ALternatives India|url=http://www.eai.in/ref/ae/wte/comp/companies.html|publisher=Energy ALternatives India|access-date=5 March 2012|archive-date=12 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312213715/http://www.eai.in/ref/ae/wte/comp/companies.html|url-status=live}}

• A2Z Group of companies
• Hanjer Biotech Energies
• Ramky Enviro Engineers Ltd
• Arka BRENStech Pvt Ltd
• Hitachi Zosen India Pvt Limited
• Clarke Energy
• ORS Group
• Punjab Renewable Energy Systems Pvt. Ltd.

{{see also|Biofuel in India | Energy policy of India#Bio-fuels | l2= Bio-fuels energy policy of India }}

Biomass is going to play a crucial role in making India self-sufficient in the energy sector and carbon neutral.{{cite web|title=Carbon Neutral Fuels and Chemicals from Standalone Biomass Refineries|url=https://www.ijee.latticescipub.com/wp-content/uploads/papers/v3i2/B1845113223.pdf|access-date=3 December 2023|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203012005/https://www.ijee.latticescipub.com/wp-content/uploads/papers/v3i2/B1845113223.pdf|url-status=live}}

India imports 85% of petrol products with import cost of $55 billion in 2020–21, India has set a target of blending 20% ethanol in petrol by 2025 resulting in import substitution saving of US$4 billion or ₹30,000 crore, and India provides financial assistance for manufacturing ethanol from rice, wheat, barley, corn, sorghum, sugarcane, sugar beet, etc.{{cite news |last1=Hussain |first1=Siraj |title=India wants to use food grain stock for ethanol. That's a problem in a hungry country |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/india-wants-to-use-foodgrain-for-ethanol-thats-a-problem-in-a-hungry-country/686707/ |work=ThePrint |date=1 July 2021 |access-date=3 July 2021 |archive-date=2 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702045302/https://theprint.in/opinion/india-wants-to-use-foodgrain-for-ethanol-thats-a-problem-in-a-hungry-country/686707/ |url-status=live }} Ethanol market penetration reached its highest figure of a 10% blend rate in India in 2022 and is currently on track to achieve 20% ethanol blending by 2025 as envisioned in National Policy on Biofuels.{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-modi-rolls-out-20-ethanol-blended-petrol-in-11-statesuts/article66476921.ece|title=PM Modi rolls out 20% ethanol-blended petrol in 11 States/UTs|website=The Hindu|date=6 February 2023 |access-date=23 February 2023|archive-date=23 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223065811/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-modi-rolls-out-20-ethanol-blended-petrol-in-11-statesuts/article66476921.ece|url-status=live}}

Ethanol is produced from sugarcane molasses and partly from grains and can be blended with gasoline. Sugarcane or sugarcane juice may not be used for the production of ethanol in India. Government is also encouraging 2G ethanol commercial production using biomass as feed stock.{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/oil-gas/cabinet-okays-ethanol-projects-funding/articleshow/68208569.cms?from=mdr|title=Cabinet okays ethanol projects' funding|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=8 January 2020|archive-date=19 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219204627/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/oil-gas/cabinet-okays-ethanol-projects-funding/articleshow/68208569.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}

The market for biodiesel remains at an early stage in India with the country achieving a minimal blend rate with diesel of 0.001% in 2016. Initially development was focussed on the jatropha (jatropha curcas) plant as the most suitable inedible oilseed for biodiesel production. Some Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) studies have shown India's potential for production of low carbon Jatropha and Algae based biodiesel.{{Cite journal |last1=Ajayebi |first1=Atta |last2=Gnansounou |first2=Edgard |last3=Kenthorai Raman |first3=Jegannathan |date=2013-12-01 |title=Comparative life cycle assessment of biodiesel from algae and jatropha: A case study of India |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960852413015502 |journal=Bioresource Technology |language=en |volume=150 |pages=429–437 |doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2013.09.118 |pmid=24140355 |bibcode=2013BiTec.150..429A |issn=0960-8524}} Development of biodiesel from jatropha has met a number of agronomic and economic restraints and attention is now moving towards other feedstock technologies which utilize used cooking oils, other unusable oil fractions, animal fat and inedible oils. Biodiesel and also Biopropane are produced from non-edible vegetable oils, used cooking oil, waste animal fats, etc.{{cite news |title=47 lakh kg used cooking oil collected since Aug; 70% converted into bio-diesel |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/47-lakh-kg-used-cooking-oil-collected-since-aug-70-converted-into-bio-diesel/73014330 |access-date=29 December 2019 |archive-date=29 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229072046/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/47-lakh-kg-used-cooking-oil-collected-since-aug-70-converted-into-bio-diesel/73014330 |url-status=live }}{{cite web |title=Neste delivers first batch of 100% renewable propane to European market |date=19 March 2018 |url=https://www.neste.com/neste-delivers-first-batch-100-renewable-propane-european-market |access-date=3 December 2018 |archive-date=22 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722084209/https://www.neste.com/releases-and-news/renewable-solutions/neste-delivers-first-batch-100-renewable-propane-european-market |url-status=live }}

Carbon neutral Bitumen or bio-bitumen is also produced from biomass such as crop waste to substitute the bitumen derived from crude oil.{{cite web |title=Govt to allow up to 35 percent bio-bitumen mixing, to save Rs 10,000 cr of foreign exchange out flows |date=7 August 2024 |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/govt-to-allow-up-to-35-percent-bio-bitumen-mixing-to-save-rs-10000-cr-of-foreign-exchange-outflows/112348024 |access-date=8 August 2024}}

File:Aralvaimozhy station.jpg of India in Muppandal, Tamil Nadu.]]

{{Main|Wind power in India}}The development of wind power in India began in the 1990s, and has significantly increased in the last few years. Although a relative newcomer to the wind industry compared with Denmark or US, domestic policy support for wind power has led India to become the country with the fourth largest installed wind power capacity in the world.{{cite web |url=http://www.gwec.net/global-figures/graphs/ |title=Global statistics |publisher=Global Wind Energy Council |access-date=23 May 2016 |archive-date=3 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003233000/http://www.gwec.net/global-figures/graphs/ |url-status=dead }}

As of 30 June 2018 the installed capacity of wind power in India was 34,293 MW,{{cite web|url=https://mnre.gov.in/physical-progress-achievements|title=Physical Progress (Achievements)|publisher=Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Govt. of India|access-date=18 July 2018|archive-date=21 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021044102/https://mnre.gov.in/physical-progress-achievements|url-status=live}} mainly spread across Tamil Nadu (7,269.50 MW), Maharashtra (4,100.40 MW), Gujarat (3,454.30 MW), Rajasthan (2,784.90 MW), Karnataka (2,318.20 MW), Andhra Pradesh (746.20 MW) and Madhya Pradesh (423.40 MW){{cite web |url=http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/Energy_stats_2015_26mar15.pdf |title=Energy Statistics 2015 |publisher=Central Statistics Office, Govt. of India |access-date=23 May 2016 |archive-date=10 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910010849/http://mospi.nic.in/mospi_new/upload/energy_stats_2015_26mar15.pdf |url-status=live }} Wind power accounts for 10% of India's total installed power capacity.{{cite web |url=http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/executivesummary/2016/exe_summary-03.pdf |title=Executive summary of Power Sector as on 31-03-2016 |publisher=Central Electricity authority, GoI |date=July 2015 |access-date=23 May 2016 |archive-date=15 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215094304/http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/executivesummary/2016/exe_summary-03.pdf |url-status=dead }} India has set an ambitious target to generate 60,000 MW of electricity from wind power by 2022.{{cite web |url=http://mnre.gov.in/file-manager/UserFiles/Tentative-State-wise-break-up-of-Renewable-Power-by-2022.pdf |title=Physical Progress (Achievements) |publisher=Ministry of New and Renewable Energy |access-date=23 May 2016 |archive-date=2 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702025634/https://mnre.gov.in/file-manager/UserFiles/Tentative-State-wise-break-up-of-Renewable-Power-by-2022.pdf |url-status=live }} All time maximum solar power generation is 28,974 MW.

Wind power installations occupy only 2% of the wind farm area facilitating the rest of the area for agriculture, plantations, etc.{{cite web|url=https://cleantechnica.com/2023/02/24/how-much-land-would-it-require-to-get-most-of-our-electricity-from-wind-solar/|title=How Much Land Would It Require To Get Most Of Our Electricity From Wind & Solar?|date=25 February 2023 |publisher=NREL|access-date=27 February 2023|archive-date=26 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226204154/https://cleantechnica.com/2023/02/24/how-much-land-would-it-require-to-get-most-of-our-electricity-from-wind-solar/|url-status=live}} The Indian Government's Ministry of New and Renewable Energy announced a new wind-solar hybrid policy in May 2018.{{cite news|title=Does hybrid energy policy make sense for India? Find out.|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/economy/podcast-does-hybrid-energy-policy-make-sense-for-india-find-out-2573439.html|access-date=22 May 2018|publisher=Moneycontrol News|date=22 May 2018|archive-date=4 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404224617/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/economy/podcast-does-hybrid-energy-policy-make-sense-for-india-find-out-2573439.html|url-status=live}} This means that the same piece of land will be used to house both wind farms and solar panels.

Largest wind farms in India{{cite web |url=http://www.thewindpower.net/windfarms_list_en.php |title=Wind farm list |access-date=2 February 2014 |archive-date=9 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209000051/http://www.thewindpower.net/windfarms_list_en.php |url-status=live }}

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{{portal|Renewable energy|India}}

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• List of power stations in India
• Electricity sector in India
• Hydroelectric power in India
• International Renewable Energy Agency
• Renewable energy by country
• Bureau of Energy Efficiency
• Renewable energy in Asia
• Renewable energy commercialization
• Renewable energy debate
• Fossil fuel phase-out
• World energy resources and consumption
• Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
• Ocean thermal energy conversion
• List of countries by electricity production from renewable sources

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{{Reflist|30em}}

• [https://npp.gov.in/dashBoard/cp-map-dashboard India's National Power Portal and Dashboard]
• [https://cea.nic.in/?lang=en India's Central Electricity Authority]
• [http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/index.html/ Renewable energy world magazine]

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{{Energy Ministries and Departments of India}}

{{Economy of India}}

{{SPIN}}

{{Renewable energy by country}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Renewable Energy In India}}