resupination
{{Short description|Botanical term}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
Resupination is derived from the Latin word resupinus, meaning "bent back
with the face upward" or "on the back".{{cite book|author-link1=Roland W. Brown|last1=Brown|first1=Roland Wilbur|title=The Composition of Scientific Words|date=1956|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press|location=Washington, D.C.|page=478}} "Resupination" is the noun form of the adjective "resupine" which means "being upside-down, supine or facing upward".Webster's New World Dictionary of the American Language, College Edition 1964, The World Publishing Company, Cleveland and New York
The word "resupinate" is generally only used in a botanical context – in everyday language, "supine" has a similar meaning.{{cite web|title=supine|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/supine|publisher=Merriam-Webster dictionary|access-date=27 April 2018}}{{cite book|editor-last1=Moore|editor-first1=Bruce |title=The Australian Oxford Dictionary|date=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=South Melbourne, Vic|isbn=0195507932|page=1348|edition=1999}} In botany, resupination refers to the "twisting" of flowers or leaves through about 180° as they open. Resupinate leaves have the petiole or "stalk" twisted - resupinate flowers twist as they open.{{cite journal|last1=Hill|first1=Arthur W.|title=Resupination Studies of Flowers and Leaves|journal=Annals of Botany|date=1939|volume=3|issue=4|pages=871–887|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a085096|doi-access=free}}
Botanical examples
=== Alstroemeriaceae ===
Plants in the genus Alstroemeria have more or less resupinate leaves.{{cite web|title=Resupination|url=http://www.burwur.net/sinns/3resupe.htm|publisher=Sinningia and Friends|access-date=28 April 2018}}
= Orchidaceae =
The flower of a typical plant in the orchid family Orchidaceae has three sepals and three petals. One petal, called the labellum, "lip" or "tongue", is typically quite different from the other two. It usually functions to attract an insect pollinator. As an orchid flower bud develops, the attachment of the lip to the axis of the flower is above that of the other two petals. In many orchid genera, as the flower opens, it twists so that the attachment of the "lip" is below that of the other two petals, the three sepals and the sexual parts of the flower known as the column. Orchid flowers that undergo this twist are called "resupinate" – those that do not are "non-resupinate".{{cite journal|last1=Ames|first1=Oakes|title=Resupination as a diagnostic character in the Orchidaceae with special reference to Malaxis monophyllos|journal=Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University|date=1938|volume=6|issue=8|pages=145–183|doi=10.5962/p.295120 |jstor=41762701|doi-access=free}}{{cite web|last1=St George|first1=Ian|title=Resupination|url=https://www.nativeorchids.co.nz/Journals/102/page4.htm|publisher=New Zealand Native Orchid Group|access-date=27 April 2018}}{{cite web|last1=Milligan|first1=Brian|title=Resupination|url=http://www.oscov.asn.au/articles2/respun.htm|publisher=Orchid Societies Council of Victoria Inc.|access-date=27 April 2018}}{{cite web|title=Flower resupination|url=http://www.canbr.gov.au/cpbr/cd-keys/RFKOrchids/key/rfkorchids/Media/Html/characters/Flower_resupination.htm|publisher=Australian Tropical Rainforest Orchids|access-date=27 April 2018}}
Although Charles Darwin did not use the term "resupination", he suggested that having the labellum on the lower part of the flower aids pollination by providing a landing place for visiting insects. However, the South American bee Euglossa cordata pollinates both resupinate and non-resupinate orchid flowers. It has also been suggested that resupination exposes the labellum to sunlight, emphasizing patterns and nectar guides and increases the temperature and thus the vaporisation of floral scents.{{cite journal|last1=Arditti|first1=Joseph|title=Resupination|journal=Lankesteriana|date=2003|volume=3|issue=2|pages=95–96|doi=10.15517/lank.v3i2.23025|doi-access=free}}
Three Australian genera with non-resupinate flowers are Prasophyllum, Cryptostylis and Caleana.
File:Diuris aequalis (labelled).jpg|Resupinate flower of Diuris aequalis
File:Prasophyllum (labelled 2).jpg|Non-resupinate flowers of Prasophyllum elatum
File:Cattleya_aclandiae_Orchi_01.jpg|Resupinate flowers of Cattleya aclandiae
File:Calopogon.web.jpg|Non-resupinate flowers of Calopogon tuberosus
File:Alstroemeria cv03.jpg|More or less resupinate leaves of Alstroemeria
File:Dicliptera cernua 1DS-II 1-7697.jpg|Resupinate flower of Dicliptera cernua; note coralla tube twisted 180 degrees
File:Hypoestes aristata 1DS-II 3-0719.jpg|Resupinate flower of Hypoestes aristata; note coralla tube twisted 180 degrees
Mycology
In fungi, the term "resupinate" describes a fruiting body consisting of a fertile surface adnate to the substrate.{{cite web|title=cap|url=http://www.mushroomthejournal.com/greatlakesdata/Terms/resup248.html#resup248|publisher=Mushroom, the Journal of Wild Mushrooming.|access-date=27 April 2018}} Certain genera such as PeniophoraC. Michael Hogan. 2008. [http://globaltwitcher.auderis.se/artspec_information.asp?thingid=50127 Witch's Butter: Tremella mesenterica, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921064833/http://globaltwitcher.auderis.se/artspec_information.asp?thingid=50127 |date=21 September 2012 }} are notable for many of their species being resupinate.
File:Peniophora-quercina-Crust-fungus-20110225a.JPG|Peniophora quercina
File:Hyphodontia sambuci Eglinton.JPG|Hyphodontia sambuci