retinal haemorrhage

At the early stage, a retinal hemorrhage may not show any symptom at all.

Some symptoms may include:

• Seeing floaters in the vision
• Seeing cobwebs in the vision
• Seeing haze or shadows
• Distorted vision
• Rapid flashes of light in peripheral vision
• Red tint to vision
• Blurriness
• Sudden blindness
• Headache

In adults, retinal hemorrhages are largely spontaneous, secondary to chronic medical conditions such as hypertension. They also commonly occur in high altitude climbers, most likely due to the effects of systemic hypoxia on the eye. Risk is correlated with the maximum altitude reached, duration of exposure to high altitude conditions, and climb rate.{{cite journal | vauthors = Bosch MM, Barthelmes D, Landau K | title = High altitude retinal hemorrhages--an update | journal = High Altitude Medicine & Biology | volume = 13 | issue = 4 | pages = 240–4 | date = December 2012 | pmid = 23270439 | doi = 10.1089/ham.2012.1077 | url = http://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/69871/1/Bosch_1.pdf }}

In infants, retinal hemorrhages (RH) are highly associated with child abuse.{{Cite journal |date=2018-08-01 |title=Consensus Statement: Abusive Head Trauma in Infants and Young Children |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2018-1504 |journal=Pediatrics |volume=142 |issue=2 |doi=10.1542/peds.2018-1504 |pmid=30061300 |s2cid=51878771 |issn=0031-4005|doi-access=free }} The incidence of RH in abusive head trauma is approximately 85%.{{Cite journal |last=Kivlin |first=J |date=July 2000 |title=Shaken baby syndrome |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0161-6420(00)00161-5 |journal=Ophthalmology |volume=107 |issue=7 |pages=1246–1254 |doi=10.1016/s0161-6420(00)00161-5 |pmid=10889093 |issn=0161-6420}}{{Cite journal |last1=Morad |first1=Yair |last2=Kim |first2=Yuri M |last3=Armstrong |first3=Derek C |last4=Huyer |first4=Dirk |last5=Mian |first5=Marcellina |last6=Levin |first6=Alex V |date=September 2002 |title=Correlation between retinal abnormalities and intracranial abnormalities in the shaken baby syndrome |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9394(02)01628-8 |journal=American Journal of Ophthalmology |volume=134 |issue=3 |pages=354–359 |doi=10.1016/s0002-9394(02)01628-8 |pmid=12208246 |issn=0002-9394}} In a comprehensive review of 62 studies comprising 998 children, 504 of whom were abused, RH were found in 78% of cases of abusive head trauma (AHT) versus 5% of the cases of non-abusive head trauma. In a child with head trauma and RH, the odds ratio that this is AHT is 14.7 (95% CI 6.39, 33.62) and the probability of abuse is 91%. Where recorded, RH were bilateral in 83% of AHT cases compared to 8.3% in non-abusive cases.{{Cite journal |last1=Maguire |first1=S A |last2=Watts |first2=P O |last3=Shaw |first3=A D |last4=Holden |first4=S |last5=Taylor |first5=R H |last6=Watkins |first6=W J |last7=Mann |first7=M K |last8=Tempest |first8=V |last9=Kemp |first9=A M |date=January 2013 |title=Retinal haemorrhages and related findings in abusive and non-abusive head trauma: a systematic review |journal=Eye |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=28–36 |doi=10.1038/eye.2012.213 |issn=0950-222X |pmc=3545381 |pmid=23079748}}

A retinal hemorrhage is generally diagnosed by using an ophthalmoscope or fundus camera in order to examine the inside of the eye. A fluorescein angiography test may be conducted, in which a fluorescent dye is often injected into the patient's bloodstream beforehand so the administering ophthalmologist can have a more detailed view and examination on the blood vessels in the retina. The fluorescent dye can have dangerous side effects: see Fluorescein

Eye examination may be done to check the eye(s) conditions, for instance to check how well the patient sees straight ahead, off to the sides and at different distances.

Blood tests may provide information about the patient's overall health and may also reveal the medical condition that may have caused retinal hemorrhage.

It is recommended to consult with ophthalmologist or optometrist as early as possible, particularly for people with vision problems, these include floaters, flashes, cobwebs or spots in their vision. Preventive measures such as regular prenatal care and monitoring of infants with high risks of the disorder may be done to avoid further complications of retinal hemorrhages in infants. For retinal hemorrhages associated with hypertension, blood pressure can be controlled by having regular blood pressure check ups, frequent exercise, monitor daily food intakes and to practice a stress-free lifestyle.{{cite web |url=https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Retinal+Hemorrhage |title=Retinal Hemorrhage |work=TheFreeDictionary.com |access-date=2018-09-13}}

Retinal hemorrhages, especially mild ones not associated with chronic disease, will normally reabsorb without treatment. Laser surgery is a treatment option which uses a laser beam to seal off damaged blood vessels in the retina.{{cite web | first = Kenneth O. | last = Sparks | name-list-style = vanc | title = Retinal Bleeding | url = http://www.laretinasurgeon.com/retinal-bleeding.aspx | work = LARetinaSurgeon.com }} Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drugs like Avastin and Lucentis have also been shown to repair retinal hemorrhaging in diabetic patients and patients with hemorrhages associated with new vessel growth.{{cite journal | vauthors = Spaide RF, Fisher YL | title = Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy complicated by vitreous hemorrhage | journal = Retina | volume = 26 | issue = 3 | pages = 275–8 | date = March 2006 | pmid = 16508426 | doi = 10.1097/00006982-200603000-00004 | s2cid = 8262505 }}{{cite web | title = Age-Related Macular Degeneration Treatment | url = http://www.webmd.com/eye-health/macular-degeneration/anti-vegf-medicines-for-wet-age-related-macular-degeneration-amd | work = WebMD }}

Alternative treatments may include providing necessary nutrients to strengthen and heal damaged blood vessels, through the consumption of dietary supplements such as Vitamins A, B, C and E. Also, the essential fatty acids including omega-3 from fish oil and flaxseed oil.{{Cite web | first = Svetlana | last = Pilyugina | name-list-style = vanc |url=https://www.retinalphysician.com/supplements/2014/may-2014/new-retinal-physician/ocular-dietary-supplementation-8212;-food-for-th|title=Retinal Physician - Ocular Dietary Supplementation — Food For Thought|website=Retinal Physician |access-date=2018-09-13}}

• Visual impairment

{{Reflist}}

{{refbegin}}

• {{cite journal | vauthors = Currie AD, Bentley CR, Bloom PA | title = Retinal haemorrhage and fatal stroke in an infant with fibromuscular dysplasia | journal = Archives of Disease in Childhood | volume = 84 | issue = 3 | pages = 263–4 | date = March 2001 | pmid = 11207180 | pmc = 1718691 | doi = 10.1136/adc.84.3.263 }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Zuccoli G, Panigrahy A, Haldipur A, Willaman D, Squires J, Wolford J, Sylvester C, Mitchell E, Lope LA, Nischal KK, Berger RP | title = Susceptibility weighted imaging depicts retinal hemorrhages in abusive head trauma | journal = Neuroradiology | volume = 55 | issue = 7 | pages = 889–93 | date = July 2013 | pmid = 23568702 | pmc = 3713254 | doi = 10.1007/s00234-013-1180-7 }}

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{{Medical resources

| DiseasesDB = 29369

| ICD10 = {{ICD10|H|35|6|h|30}}

| ICD9 = {{ICD9|362.81}}

| ICDO =

| OMIM =

| MedlinePlus =

| eMedicineSubj =

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| MeshID = D012166

}}

Category:Disorders of choroid and retina