rhodiola

Among the distinguishing characters of the genus are two series of stamens totaling twice the number of petals; free or nearly free petals (not joined in a tube); a stout rhizome from whose axils the flowering stems rise; and a basal rosette of leaves. This genus contains the only species of Crassulaceae that have unisexual flowers.{{citation |title=Flora of China |volume=8 |chapter-url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=10225 |author1=Kunjun Fu |author2=Hideaki Ohba |author3=Michael G. Gilbert |chapter=Crassulaceae Candolle}}

Rhodionin is a herbacetin rhamnoside found in Rhodiola species.{{sfn|Li |Zhang|2008}}

• Rhodiolin [86831-53-0]
• Rhodiolgin [94696-39-6]

Although Linnaeus distinguished Rhodiola from Sedum on the basis of being dioecious,{{sfn|Linnaeus|1753}} it was later submerged in the latter genus until the twentieth century, when it was restored, on the basis of well developed rhizomes and annual flowering stems, arising from axils of the scaly radical leaves. This separation was subsequently confirmed by molecular phylogenetic studies. {{sfn|Mayuzumi|Ohba|2004}}

Rhodiola is placed within family Crassulaceae, in subfamily Sempervivoideae, tribe Umbiliceae. There it is a sister group to Pseudosedum,{{sfn|Thiede|Eggli|2007}} though some authors have suggested that the latter genus be submersed within Rhodiola.{{sfn|Mayuzumi|Ohba|2004}}

Traditionally Rhodiola was divided into subgenera, sections and series, based on plant characteristics. Four subgenera were recognised; Rhodiola, Primuloides, Crassipedes and Clementsia. However molecular studies have failed to demonstrate monophyly of these subtaxa.{{sfn|Mayuzumi|Ohba|2004}}

{{Main|List of Rhodiola species}}

Species include:{{cite web |title=Rhodiola L. |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30061153-2 |website=Plants Of the World Online |access-date=31 March 2021}}

• Rhodiola crenulata
• Rhodiola integrifolia
• Rhodiola pachyclados
• Rhodiola rhodantha
• Rhodiola rosea

The name combines the Greek rhodon, meaning rose and referring to the rose-like smell of the roots, with the Latin diminutive suffix -iola.{{sfn|Eggli|Newton|2004|loc=p. 203}}

Dioecy, having separate male and female flowers, has evolved at least three times in the genus, and reversals to a hermaphrodite condition have also occurred, which is a rare occurrence in flowering plants. It has been suggested that dioecy in the genus may correlate with abiotic pollination in the cold environment.{{sfn|Zhang et al|2014}}

Rhodiola is sold to promote a variety of uses, specifically in physical health, with the plant being used historically in medicine throughout Europe.{{cite web |title=Rhodiola |url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/rhodiola |website=National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health |access-date=16 January 2024 |language=en |date=October 2020}} A number of species are grown as ornamentals, but growing them is difficult outside their native subarctic and alpine climates.{{citation |last=Stephenson |first=Ray |year=1994 |title=Sedum: Cultivated Stonecrops |publisher=Timber Press |pages=289–290 |isbn=0-88192-238-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jo9VgQAsMtkC&pg=PA289 |access-date=2009-07-26}}

In traditional Chinese medicine, Rhodiola is used for fatigue, hypoxia, radiation, etc.{{citation |title=Chinese Herb List: Rhodiola |url=http://www.shen-nong.com/eng/herbal/hongjingtian.html |website=www.shen-nong.com |access-date=2023-12-17}}

{{Reflist}}

{{refbegin|30em}}

• {{cite book |last1=Eggli |first1=Urs |last2=Newton |first2=Leonard E. |title=Etymological Dictionary of Succulent Plant Names |chapter=Rhodiola |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u2n5vusQ1DEC&pg=PA203 |date=2004 |page=203 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3-540-00489-9}}
• {{cite book |last=Linnaeus |first=Carl |author-link=Carl Linnaeus |title=Species Plantarum: exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13829#page/315/mode/1up |year=1753 |volume=2 |chapter=Rhodiola |chapter-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13830#page/477/mode/1up |page=1035 |publisher=Impensis Laurentii Salvii |location=Stockholm}}, see also Species Plantarum
• {{cite book |last1=Thiede |first1=J |last2=Eggli |first2=U |editor-last=Kubitzki |editor-first=Klaus |editor-link=Klaus Kubitzki |title=Berberidopsidales, Buxales, Crossosomatales, Fabales p.p., Geraniales, Gunnerales, Myrtales p.p., Proteales, Saxifragales, Vitales, Zygophyllales, Clusiaceae Alliance, Passifloraceae Alliance, Dilleniaceae, Huaceae, Picramniaceae, Sabiaceae |year=2007 |chapter=Crassulaceae |pages=83–119 |publisher=Springer |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PdSL7jBNX9EC&pg=PA83 |isbn=978-3540322146}} ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227205999_Crassulaceae full text at] ResearchGate)
• {{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Tao |last2=Zhang |first2=Hao |title=Identification and Comparative Determination of Rhodionin in Traditional Tibetan Medicinal Plants of Fourteen Rhodiola Species by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Photodiode Array Detection and Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry |journal=Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin |date=2008 |volume=56 |issue=6 |pages=807–814 |doi=10.1248/cpb.56.807 |pmid=18520085 |doi-access=free}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Mayuzumi |first1=Shinzo |last2=Ohba |first2=Hideaki |title=The Phylogenetic Position of Eastern Asian Sedoideae (Crassulaceae) Inferred from Chloroplast and Nuclear DNA Sequences |journal=Systematic Botany |date=2004 |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=587–598 |issn=0363-6445 |jstor=25063994 |doi=10.1600/0363644041744329 |s2cid=84319808}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Jian-Qiang |last2=Meng |first2=Shi-Yong |last3=Wen |first3=Jun |last4=Rao |first4=Guang-Yuan |title=Phylogenetic Relationships and Character Evolution of Rhodiola (Crassulaceae) based on Nuclear Ribosomal ITS and Plastid trnL-F and psbA-trnH Sequences |journal=Systematic Botany |date=1 June 2014 |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=441–451 |doi=10.1600/036364414X680753 |s2cid=86198481 |ref={{harvid|Zhang et al|2014}}}}
• {{cite web |last=Stevens |first=P.F. |author-link=Peter F. Stevens |date=2019 |orig-year=2001 |website=Angiosperm Phylogeny Website |title=Crassulaceae |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |url=http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/APWeb/orders/Saxifragalesweb.htm#Crassulaceae |access-date=11 October 2019}} (see also Angiosperm Phylogeny Website)

{{refend}}

{{commons category|Rhodiola}}

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Category:Crassulaceae

Category:Crassulaceae genera