ringed kingfisher

Megaceryle torquata is a Neotropical kingfisher that lives in habitats ranging between the US and Mexico. In 1888, the species was first discovered in the US, while the first ringed kingfisher nest was found in 1970. They are commonly seen along the Rio Grande and in water bodies in southern Texas. Their distribution is increasing and expanding northwards.

The wings of adult males range between {{convert|184.9|and|211.1|mm|abbr=on}}, with an average of {{cvt|196.3|mm|abbr=on}}.  Their tails range from {{cvt|110.0|-|129.0|mm|abbr=on}}, and their bills measure {{cvt|74.9|-|94|mm|abbr=on}}. Female wings are from 185.0-210.1 mm, and their tails measure {{cvt|111.5|-|132.1|mm|abbr=on}} and possess bills measuring {{cvt|75.9|-|90.9|mm|abbr=on}}.Oberholser, H. C. (1974). The bird life of Texas. University of Texas Press, Austin, TX. Individuals can weigh between {{cvt|305|and|341|g}}.Sick, H. (1993). Birds in Brazil: a natural history. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press. Such measurements prove that the species do not differ sexually in terms of size.

File:Ringed Kingfisher (Megaceryle torquata) male - Flickr - berniedup.jpg

Ringed kingfishers have dark-brown irises that are consistent among all age groups. They have straight bills that are longer than their heads, along with curved culmens and tomial serrations.Hamas, M.J. (1994). "Belted Kingfisher (Ceryle alcyon)." In The birds of North America, no. 84., edited by A. Poole and F. Gill. Washington, D.C: Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, PA, and Am. Ornithol. Union. The lower mandible appears to have some yellowish colorations. They possess syndactyl feet with olive-green or yellowish toes and black claws. A large crest appears between the base of their bills and necks. Several individuals have a white collar located around the neck.

Each ringed kingfisher possesses 10 primary wings, 15 secondaries, three tertials, and 12 rectrices. They are rounded, and the tail is squared. Subspecies can be found in Texas, Mexico, Central America, and South America, due to slight plumage differences.{{Cite journal |url= https://birdsna.org/Species-Account/bna/species/rinkin1/appearance#plume |title=Ringed Kingfisher - Introduction |website=birdsna.org |doi=10.2173/bow.rinkin1.01 |access-date= 2018-10-15 |publisher= Birds of North America Online}} Individuals themselves vary slightly as a result of variable environmental constraints and day-length regimes.

Ringed kingfishers can be identified by sex due to differences in coloration. The males possess rusty-brown underparts with white undertail coverts and a white throat. Females have a bluish-gray band seen on the upper breast and a whitish band.{{Cite journal |last1= White |first1=Ariel E. |last2=Cristol |first2=Daniel A. |date=June 2014 |title=Plumage Coloration in Belted Kingfishers (Megaceryle alcyon) At a Mercury-contaminated River |journal= Waterbirds |volume= 37 |issue=2 |pages=144–152 |doi= 10.1675/063.037.0203|s2cid=86165351 |issn=1524-4695|doi-access=free }}

A ringed kingfisher's clutch size is typically three to six eggs, which are incubated for about 22 days.Skutch, A.F. (1972). "Studies of tropical American birds". Publ. Nuttall Ornithol. Club. no. 10.

The ringed kingfisher is from the family Alcedinidae in the order Coraciiformes.Sibley, C.G. and J.E. Ahlquist (1990). Phylogeny and classification of birds: a study in molecular evolution. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press. The ringed kingfisher is related to the belted kingfisher.Moyle, R.G. (2006). "A molecular phylogeny of kingfishers (Alcedinidae) with insights into early biogeographic history". Auk no. 123 (2):487-499. Overall, the species appears much larger than its counterpart, while possessing a rufous belly, a massive bill, and a blue back.Ridgway, R. (1914b). "The birds of North and Middle America". Pt. 6. Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus.. no. 50.

File:Megaceryle torquata-Ringed Kingfisher.jpg

Three subspecies are identified by size and color, as well as location.

• M. t. torquata is found in regions of southern Texas and southern Sinaloa, Central America to South America, and throughout the Amazon basin, Argentina, and Uruguay, as well as Isla Margarita in Venezuela. Its undertail coverts are either fully white or spotted lightly with unmarked white underwing coverts for males, brown for females, and with a bill measuring more than {{cvt|66|mm|abbr=on}}.Remsen, Jr., J. V. (1991). "Community ecology of Neo-tropical kingfishers". Univ. of Calif. Publ. Zool. no. 124.
• M. t. stictipennis is found in the Lesser Antilles, Dominica, and Martinique. Individuals have secondary feathers with white spots that reach the outer part of the feathers. The dorsum appears to be darker blue or gray.
• M. t. stellate has breeding ranges and wintering grounds located in Chile and the southern part of Argentina. Its undertail coverts are spotted heavily with dark blue or gray coloration, with spotted or dusky underwing coverts, the dorm appears to be dark blue to gray, and the outer webs of its secondary wings do not appear to have white spots. Their bills measure less than 69 mm.

File:Isla de Coiba - Granite de Oro - Pacific Ocean Islands off Panama - panoramio (25).jpg

Ringed kingfishers are seen in freshwater habitats, tropical and temperate marine shorelines, and several islands, such as Coiba Island.Ridgely, R.S. and J. Gwynne (1989). A Guide to the Birds of Panama, with Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and Honduras. 2nd ed. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press. Breeding occurs in aquatic regions with the support of aquatic animals, including fish-populated areas for nesting burrows. Nests can be found farther away from water.Bendire, C. (1895). "Life histories of North American birds, from the parrots to the grackles, with special reference to their breeding habits and eggs". U.S. Natl. Mus. Spec. Bull. no. 3. Habitats are near waterbodies that include streams, rivers, ponds, lakes, estuaries, and marine habitats. Habitats with clear water and less vegetation are preferred to easily access prey.

Ringed kingfishers are found in broad areas between Texas, USA and South America. The ranges of ringed and belted kingfishers overlap from Central America and above for 6–8 months. Ringed kingfishers also have ranges that overlap with other kingfisher species in Central and South America. Breeding ranges of ringed kingfishers vary in the Neotropics in Mexico, the Caribbean, and South America. Their preference for mangrove habitats has been observed in the tropics. Foraging occurs offshore as far as 1 km (.7 mi).Fry, C. H. and K. Fry (1992). Kingfishers, bee-eaters and rollers: A Handbook. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Overwintering ringed kingfishers are indifferent to breeding ranges, but are able to forage farther than during their breeding periods. Large irrigation canals in Rio Grande, Texas, have been used as wintering grounds by such species. They are usually found in areas with high fish densities during the dry season.

File:Ringed Kingfisher (Megaceryle torquata) (7222796522) (cropped).jpg

The anatomy of ringed kingfishers prevents efficient terrestrial movements. Individuals shuffle into and out of nesting burrows, so displacing between branches is difficult for this species. They possess strong wings that beat very slowly as a result of their size. They are able to fly over land for long periods of time in comparison to other species of kingfishers.Ridgely, R.S. and P.J. Greenfield (2001). The birds of Ecuador, Vol. 2: Field guide. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Press.

A mating ritual involves the male ringed kingfisher offering fish to the female before copulation. The pair performs, wherein the male creates calls circling above the water, while dropping into the water. This process lasts for a short time.Richmond, C.W. (1893). "Notes on a collection of Birds from Eastern Nicaragua and the Rio Frio, Costa Rica, with notes, and a description of a supposed new Trogon". P. U.S. Mus. no. XVI:479-532.

Female and male ringed kingfishers incubate their eggs while performing other duties equally. Short foraging breaks are taken during late afternoon since incubation periods are long. Each individual takes turns during the morning. Incubating birds are capable of finding prey by regurgitating their undigested food to attract flies in their burrows.

File:Ringed Kingfisher (Megaceryle torquata) female diving for a piranha thrown in the water by our boatman ... (30908493913).jpg

Ringed kingfishers have louder and lower-pitched calls compared to the belted kingfishers.Howell, S. N. G. and S. Webb (1995). A guide to the birds of Mexico and northern Central America. New York: Oxford University Press. Captured Juveniles have been heard screaming, giving a klek or kek call. The same call is heard during human intervention or other disturbances. A softer klek is produced by the adult to signal its incubating partner. Its common vocalizations are described as rattles.{{Cite news |url= https://www.audubon.org/field-guide/bird/ringed-kingfisher|title=Ringed Kingfisher|date=2014-11-13|work=Audubon|access-date=2018-10-15}}

Ringed kingfishers can perch for several hours on trees while watching for prey in fresh water. Belted kingfishers perch for only a few moments. Ringed kingfishers have also been observed to forage in marine water. They catch their prey by diving from a perch.

File:Ringed Kingfisher (Ceryle torquata) with small armoured catfish (Loricariidae)... (27876630134).jpg

The ringed kingfisher's diet is largely dependent on fish, but they sometimes target crabs and other crustaceans.Jackson, D. (2006). "Aegla Leach (Crustacea: Decapoda) in the diet of the ringed kingfisher, Ceryle torquata (Linné) (Alcedinidae)". Boletín Chileno de Ornitología. no. 12:26-27. Fish consumed include several species from the families Characidae and Cichlidae.Willard, D.E. (1985). "Comparative feeding ecology of twenty-two tropical piscivores". Ornithol. Monog. no. 36.

A parasitic infection caused by Pulchrosopa pulchrosopa, a type of flatworm, causes internal damage in the respiratory system of ringed kingfishers. Infected individuals were examined, with the species found in their lungs, tracheae, and coelomic cavities. The parasite migrates to the lungs as the host experiences stressful or immunosuppressive periods. The parasite also causes significant damage to tissues due to its migration to the lungs.Merino, S. Javier Martínez, J. Alcántara, G. and Navarro, M. (2003). ''Pulchrosopa pulchrosoma (Trematoda: Cathaemasiidae) in Ringed kingfishers (Megaceryle torquata torquata) from Iquitos, Peru: with inferences on life-cycle features. Avian Pathology. 32(4):351-354.

Predators of ringed kingfishers include the white-tailed hawk, sharp-shinned hawk, bald eagle, golden eagle, and peregrine falcon.

The IUCN considers the ringed kingfisher to be of least concern. Increasing population trends indicate that the species is not vulnerable, as it is widespread and has a large habitat distribution and breeding ranges.

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{{Commons category|Megaceryle torquata}}

{{Wikispecies|Megaceryle torquata}}

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ringed kingfisher

Category:Birds of the Rio Grande valleys

Category:Birds of Central America

Category:Birds of Saint Kitts and Nevis

Category:Birds of the Caribbean

Category:Birds of South America

ringed kingfisher

ringed kingfisher