river Tweed
{{Short description|River in the Scottish Borders and northern England}}
{{For|other rivers with this name|Tweed River (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox river
| name = River Tweed
| name_native tome =
| name_native_bobby =
| name_other =
| name_etymology =
| image = The River Tweed at Abbotsford - geograph.org.uk - 1545874.jpg
| image_size = 300
| image_caption = The River Tweed at Abbotsford
| map = River Tweed Watershed.jpg
| map_size = 300
| map_caption = River Tweed watershed ([https://mghydro.com/watersheds/shared/17010C.html Interactive map])
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_size =
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| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 7
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = United Kingdom
| subdivision_type2 = Part
| subdivision_name2 = Scotland, England
| subdivision_type3 = County
| subdivision_name3 =
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| length = {{convert|156|km|mi|abbr=on}}
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| source1 = Tweed's Well
| source1_location = Tweedsmuir, Scottish Borders, Scotland
| source1_coordinates= {{coord|55.445|-3.496|display=inline}}
| source1_elevation =
| mouth = North Sea
| mouth_location = Berwick-upon-Tweed, Northumberland, England
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|55.7652|-1.9909|display=inline,title}}
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The River Tweed, or Tweed Water, is a river {{convert|97|mi|km}}{{cite book |last1=Clayton |first1=Phil |title=Headwaters: Walking to British River Sources |date=2012 |publisher=Frances Lincoln Limited |location=London |isbn=9780711233638 |page=193 |edition=First}} long that flows east across the Border region in Scotland and northern England. Tweed cloth derives its name from its association with the River Tweed.{{Cite web |url=https://www.ahume.co.uk/page.asp?source=mens&id=What-Is-Tweed |title=Article on Tweed Cloth |access-date=2014-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216141246/https://www.ahume.co.uk/page.asp?source=mens&id=What-Is-Tweed |archive-date=2014-12-16 |url-status=dead }} The Tweed is one of the great salmon rivers of Britain and the only river in England where an Environment Agency rod licence is not required for angling. The river generates a large income for the local borders region, attracting anglers from all around the world.{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-33844266|title=Wild fishing tax 'raid' concern|work=BBC News |date=August 10, 2015}}
Etymology
Tweed may represent an Old Brittonic name meaning "border".{{cite web |url=http://geiriadur.ac.uk/gpc/gpc.html |title=University of Wales Dictionary |website=University of Wales Dictionary |publisher=University of Wales |access-date=4 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531155923/http://www.geiriadur.ac.uk/gpc/gpc.html |archive-date=31 May 2019 |url-status=live }} A doubtful proposal is that the name is derived from a non-Celtic form of the Indo-European root *teuha- meaning "swell, grow powerful".{{cite web |last1=James |first1=Alan |title=The Brittonic Language in the Old North - A Guide to the Place-Name Evidence |url=https://spns.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Alan_James_Brittonic_Language_in_the_Old_North_BLITON_Volume_II_Dictionary_2020_Edition.pdf |website=Scottish Place Name Society}}
Course
The River Tweed flows primarily through the scenic Borders region of Scotland. Eastwards from the settlements on opposing banks of Birgham and Carham it forms the historic boundary between Scotland and England.
It rises in the Lowther Hills at Tweed's Well near to where the Clyde, draining northwest ({{convert|10|km}} from the Tweed's Well), and the Annan draining south ({{convert|1.9|km}} from the Tweed's Well) also rise. "Annan, Tweed and Clyde rise oot the ae hillside" is a saying from the Border region.[https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/uk/the-tweed-take-a-trip-on-a-river-flowing-with-history-5332911.html The Tweed: Take a trip on a river flowing with history] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731155031/https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/uk/the-tweed-take-a-trip-on-a-river-flowing-with-history-5332911.html |date=2019-07-31 }}, The Independent, 21 April 2007 East of Kelso, it becomes a section of the eastern part of the border. Entering England, its lower reaches are in Northumberland, where it enters the North Sea at Berwick-upon-Tweed.
Catchment
The river east of St Boswells runs through a drumlin field. It is the relic of a paleo-ice stream that flowed through the area during the last glaciation. Major towns through which the Tweed flows include Innerleithen, Peebles, Galashiels, Melrose, Kelso, Coldstream and Berwick-upon-Tweed, where it flows into the North Sea. Tweed tributaries include:
- Whiteadder Water
- Blackadder Water
- River Till
- Eden Water
- Teviot Water
- Leader Water
- Ettrick Water
- Yarrow Water
- Tima Water
- Gala Water
- Leithen Water
- Quair Water
- Eddleston Water
- Manor Water
- Lyne Water
- Holms Water
The upper parts of the catchment of the Tweed in Scotland form the area known as Tweeddale, part of which is protected as the Upper Tweeddale National Scenic Area, one of 40 such areas in Scotland which are defined so as to identify areas of exceptional scenery and to ensure its protection from inappropriate development.{{cite web |url=https://www.nature.scot/professional-advice/safeguarding-protected-areas-and-species/protected-areas/national-designations/national-scenic-areas/ |title=National Scenic Areas |publisher=Scottish Natural Heritage |access-date=2018-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118010614/https://www.nature.scot/professional-advice/safeguarding-protected-areas-and-species/protected-areas/national-designations/national-scenic-areas |archive-date=2018-01-18 |url-status=live}}
Management{{anchor|Tweed Fisheries Act 1771|Tweed Fisheries Act 1775|Tweed Fisheries Act 1797|River Tweed Fisheries Act 1807|River Tweed Fisheries Act 1830|River Tweed Fisheries Act 1836|Tweed Fisheries Act 1857|Tweed Fisheries Amendment Act 1859|Tweed Fisheries Act 1969|Scotland Act 1998 (River Tweed) Order 2006}}
{{Infobox UK legislation
| short_title = Tweed Fisheries Act 1771
| type = Act
| parliament = Parliament of Great Britain
| long_title = An Act for regulating and improving the Fisheries in the River Tweed, and the Rivers and Streams running into the same; and also within the Mouth or Entrance of the said River.
| year = 1771
| citation = 11 Geo. 3. c. 27
| introduced_commons =
| introduced_lords =
| territorial_extent =
| royal_assent = 12 April 1771
| commencement =
| expiry_date =
| repeal_date =
| amends =
| replaces =
| amendments =
| repealing_legislation = River Tweed Fisheries Act 1830
| related_legislation =
| status = repealed
| legislation_history =
| theyworkforyou =
| millbankhansard =
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| revised_text =
| use_new_UK-LEG =
| UK-LEG_title =
| collapsed = yes
}}
{{Infobox UK legislation
| short_title = Tweed Fisheries Act 1775
| type = Act
| parliament = Parliament of Great Britain
| long_title = An Act for amending and rendering more effectual an Act, passed in the Eleventh Year of His present Majesty's Reign, intituled, "An Act for regulating and improving the Fisheries in the River Tweed, and the Rivers and Streams running into the same, and also within the Mouth or Entrance of the said River."
| year = 1775
| citation = 15 Geo. 3. c. 46
| introduced_commons =
| introduced_lords =
| territorial_extent =
| royal_assent = 22 May 1775
| commencement =
| expiry_date =
| repeal_date =
| amends =
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| repealing_legislation =
| related_legislation =
| status = repealed
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{{Infobox UK legislation
| short_title = Tweed Fisheries Act 1797
| type = Act
| parliament = Parliament of Great Britain
| long_title = An act for altering, amending, and rendering more effectual two acts, made in the eleventh and fifteenth years of the reign of his present Majesty, for the regulation and improvement of the fisheries in the river Tweed, and the rivers and streams running into the same, and also within the mouth or entrance of the said river.
| year = 1797
| citation = 37 Geo. 3. c. 48
| introduced_commons =
| introduced_lords =
| territorial_extent =
| royal_assent = 3 May 1797
| commencement =
| expiry_date =
| repeal_date =
| amends =
| replaces =
| amendments =
| repealing_legislation = River Tweed Fisheries Act 1830
| related_legislation =
| status = repealed
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| millbankhansard =
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}}
{{Infobox UK legislation
| short_title = River Tweed Fisheries Act 1807
| type = Act
| parliament = Parliament of the United Kingdom
| long_title =
| year = 1807
| citation = 47 Geo. 3 Sess. 1. c. xxix
| introduced_commons =
| introduced_lords =
| territorial_extent =
| royal_assent = 25 April 1807
| commencement =
| expiry_date =
| repeal_date =
| amends =
| replaces =
| amendments =
| repealing_legislation = River Tweed Fisheries Act 1830
| related_legislation =
| status = repealed
| legislation_history =
| theyworkforyou =
| millbankhansard =
| original_text = https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukla/Geo3Sess1/47/29/pdfs/ukla_18070029_en.pdf
| revised_text =
| use_new_UK-LEG =
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{{Infobox UK legislation
| short_title = River Tweed Fisheries Act 1830
| type = Act
| parliament = Parliament of the United Kingdom
| long_title =
| year = 1830
| citation = 11 Geo. 4 & 1 Will. 4. c. liv
| introduced_commons =
| introduced_lords =
| territorial_extent =
| royal_assent = 29 May 1830
| commencement =
| expiry_date =
| repeal_date =
| amends =
| replaces =
| amendments =
| repealing_legislation = Tweed Fisheries Act 1857
| related_legislation =
| status = repealed
| legislation_history =
| theyworkforyou =
| millbankhansard =
| original_text = https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukla/Geo4and1Will4/11/54/pdfs/ukla_18300054_en.pdf
| revised_text =
| use_new_UK-LEG =
| UK-LEG_title =
| collapsed = yes
}}
{{Infobox UK legislation
| short_title = River Tweed Fisheries Act 1836
| type = Act
| parliament = Parliament of the United Kingdom
| long_title = An Act to alter, amend, and enlarge the Powers of an Act paged in the Eleventh Year of the Reign of His late Majesty, intituled "An Act for the more effectual Preservation and Increase of the Breed of Salmon, and for better regulating the Fisheries in the River Tweed, and the Rivers and Streams running into the same, and abo within the Mouth or Entrance of the said River."
| year = 1836
| citation = 6 & 7 Will. 4. c. lxv
| introduced_commons =
| introduced_lords =
| territorial_extent =
| royal_assent = 21 June 1836
| commencement =
| expiry_date =
| repeal_date =
| amends = River Tweed Fisheries Act 1830
| replaces =
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| repealing_legislation = Tweed Fisheries Act 1857
| related_legislation =
| status = repealed
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| original_text = https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukla/Will4/6-7/65/pdfs/ukla_18360065_en.pdf
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{{Infobox UK legislation
| short_title = Tweed Fisheries Act 1857
| type = Act
| parliament = Parliament of the United Kingdom
| long_title =
| year = 1857
| citation = 20 & 21 Vict. c. cxlviii
| introduced_commons =
| introduced_lords =
| territorial_extent =
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| repealing_legislation = {{ubli|Scotland Act 1998 (River Tweed) Order 2006 (SI 2006/2913)}}
| related_legislation =
| status = repealed
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| millbankhansard =
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| collapsed = yes
}}
{{Infobox UK legislation
| short_title = Tweed Fisheries Amendment Act 1859
| type = Act
| parliament = Parliament of the United Kingdom
| long_title = An Act to amend "The Tweed Fisheries Act 1857,"[b] and to alter the Annual Close Times in the River Tweed.
| year = 1859
| citation = 22 & 23 Vict. c. lxx
| introduced_commons =
| introduced_lords =
| territorial_extent =
| royal_assent = 1 August 1859
| commencement =
| expiry_date =
| repeal_date =
| amends =
| replaces =
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| repealing_legislation = {{ubli|Scotland Act 1998 (River Tweed) Order 2006 (SI 2006/2913)}}
| related_legislation =
| status = repealed
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{{Infobox UK legislation
| short_title = Tweed Fisheries Act 1969
| type = Act
| parliament = Parliament of the United Kingdom
| long_title = An Act to amend the Tweed Fisheries Act 1857] and the Tweed Fisheries Amendment Act 1859; to apply certain provisions of those Acts to freshwater fish; and for other purposes.
| year = 1969
| citation = 1969 c. xxiv
| introduced_commons =
| introduced_lords =
| territorial_extent =
| royal_assent = 25 June 1969
| commencement =
| expiry_date =
| repeal_date =
| amends =
| replaces =
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| repealing_legislation = {{ubli|Scotland Act 1998 (River Tweed) Order 2006 (SI 2006/2913)}}
| related_legislation =
| status = repealed
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| millbankhansard =
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}}
{{Infobox UK legislation
| short_title = Scotland Act 1998 (River Tweed) Order 2006
| type = Statutory Instrument
| parliament = Parliament of the United Kingdom
| year = 2006
| citation = SI 2006/2913
| introduced_commons =
| introduced_lords =
| territorial_extent =
| si_made_date = 14 November 2006
| si_laid_date =
| commencement = 15 November 2006
| expiry_date =
| repeal_date =
| amends =
| replaces = {{ubli|Tweed Fisheries Act 1857|Tweed Fisheries Amendment Act 1859|Salmon Fisheries (Scotland) Act 1868|Freshwater Fish (Scotland) Act 1902|Trout (Scotland) Act 1933|Salmon and Freshwater Fisheries (Protection) (Scotland) Act 1951|Tweed Fisheries Act 1969|Freshwater and Salmon Fisheries (Scotland) Act 1976|Deregulation (Salmon Fisheries (Scotland) Act 1868) Order 1996 (SI 1996/1211)}}
| primary_legislation = Scotland Act 1998
| eu_directives =
| amendments =
| repealing_legislation =
| related_legislation =
| status = current
| legislation_history =
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| original_text = https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2006/2913/contents/made
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}}
Despite that the catchment straddles the border between Scotland and England, management of it – in terms of water quality, bio-security, and ultimately protection of the salmon of the River Tweed – is overseen by a single body, the River Tweed Commission.{{cite web|url=https://www.rivertweed.org.uk/river-tweed-commission/about-the-river-tweed-commission/history-of-the-rtc/ |title=History of the RTC |work=www.rivertweed.org.uk/ |access-date=22 February 2022}}
River Tweed Trail
{{As of|2024}}, work is in progress on the development of a {{convert|113|mi|km|adj=on}} walking and cycling route following the length of the river from Moffat to Berwick-on-Tweed. The work includes new sections of path, upgrades to existing paths, bridge replacement and repairs, pedestrian road crossings, lighting and signage. The path is expected to be completed during 2028.{{cite news |last1=McDougall |first1=Mark |title='Ambitious' Destination Tweed project granted £10 million of new funding |url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/24683262.ambitious-destination-tweed-project-granted-10-million-new-funding/ |access-date=29 October 2024 |work=The Herald |date=28 October 2024 |language=en}}
Gallery
Wfm tweed abottsford.jpg|The River Tweed at Abbotsford, near Melrose
River Tweed from Mertoun House.jpg|The River Tweed from Mertoun House, near St Boswells
Anglo-Scottish.border.history.jpg|The Anglo-Scottish border, with the Tweed on the east. Its estuary and the town of Berwick-upon-Tweed were a late annexation by England.
Union Chain Bridge between England and Scotland, 2019.jpg|The Union Chain Bridge spanning the Tweed between Horncliffe, England and Fishwick, Scotland
See also
Notes
{{Reflist|30em}}
External links
{{Collier's Poster|year=1921|Tweed (river)|River Tweed}}
- [http://www.waterscape.com/canals-and-rivers/river-tweed British Waterways: River Tweed]
- [http://www.rtc.org.uk/ The River Tweed Commission website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106100132/https://rtc.org.uk/ |date=6 January 2020 }}
- [http://www.tweedfoundation.org.uk/ The Tweed Foundation]
- [http://www.tweedforum.com/ Tweed Forum website]
- [http://www.jncc.gov.uk/protectedsites/SACselection/sac.asp?EUcode=UK0012691 River Tweed: Special Area of Conservation (SAC)]
- [http://www.sepa.org.uk/water/river_levels/river_level_data.aspx?id=9514 SEPA (Scottish Environment Protection Agency): River Level Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224050807/http://www.sepa.org.uk/water/river_levels/river_level_data.aspx?id=9514 |date=24 February 2012 }}
- [http://www.scottish-places.info/features/featuremap1179.html River Tweed map]
- [http://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst1179.html Gazetteer for Scotland: River Tweed]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20081219164911/http://www.geos.ed.ac.uk/homes/s0350775/everestetal2005.pdf Paper describing palaeo-icestream and landforms in the Tweed Valley]
- Map and aerial photo sources for {{mmukscaled|NT054144|25|Tweed's Well}} and {{mmukscaled|NU008522|25|Tweedmouth}}
- [http://www.canoehirescotland.co.uk/ Open Canoe Hire Specialists]
{{River Tweed}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tweed, River}}
Category:Rivers of Northumberland
Category:Anglo-Scottish border
Category:Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Annandale and Eskdale
Category:Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Berwickshire and Roxburgh
Category:Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Mid and East Lothian
Category:Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Tweeddale and Ettrick and Lauderdale