rosa rugosa

Rosa rugosa is a suckering shrub which develops new plants from the roots and forms dense thickets 1–1.50 m tall with stems densely covered in numerous short, straight prickles 3–10 mm long. The leaves are 8–15 cm long, pinnate with 5–9 leaflets, most often 7, each leaflet 3–4 cm long, with a distinctly corrugated (rugose, hence the species' name) surface. The leaf is elliptical in shape with a rounded base or broadly cuneate with a leather feel, dark green top. The back of the leaf is composed of a green-grey colour with hair along the veins. The leaf margin is composed of teeth along the edges and is crenate-serrate. The flower has five petals that are usually 6–9 cm in width. The flower is composed of 200–250 stamens per flow and vary in style. {{Cite web|url=https://www.gardenia.net/plant/Rosa-Rugosa-Rugosa-Rose|title=Rosa rugosa (Rugosa Rose)|website=Gardenia.net|language=en|access-date=2019-04-06}} The flowers are pleasantly scented; range in color from dark pink to white (on R. rugosa f. alba (Ware) Rehder), 6–9 cm across, with somewhat wrinkled petals; flowering occurs in spring.

The edible hips, which resemble cherry tomatoes, are large, 2–3 cm diameter, and often shorter than their diameter, not elongated. In late summer and early autumn, the plants often bear fruit and flowers at the same time. The leaves typically turn bright yellow before falling in autumn.{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}

{{Gallery

|File:Beach Rose Rosa rugosa Bud.jpg|Bud

|File:Rosa rugosa 2010.jpg|In bloom

|File:Rugosa Rose (Rosa rugosa) - Oslo, Norway 2020-08-04.jpg|White flower of R. rugosa f. alba

|Image:Rosa rugosa hip Neelix.jpg|Edible rose hips fruit can resemble tomatoes

|File:Rosa_rugosa_buds.jpg|Rosa rugosa buds on Grape Island, Massachusetts

|File:Rosa Rugosa With Fruit On Shoreline.jpg|Flowers and fruit on plant at same time

}}

This rose species was introduced to America from Japan in the mid-19th century; it was valued because it can tolerate salt water spray.

Rosa rugosa is widely used as an ornamental plant. It has been introduced to numerous areas of Europe and North America. It has many common names, several of which refer to the fruit's resemblance to a tomato, including beach tomato or sea tomato; others include saltspray rose, beach rose, potato rose and Turkestan rose.{{cite web|title=Rosa rugosa|url=http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/47835|publisher=CAB International |work=Invasive Species Compendium|access-date=17 September 2014}} In parts of the US the fruits are also occasionally called beach plums, causing confusion with the plant properly bearing that name, Prunus maritima.{{Cite web|url=http://www.capecodartandnature.com/2015/09/01/beach-rose-hips-are-not-beach-plums-and-other-things/|title=Beach rose hips are NOT beach plums and other things {{!}} Mary Richmond's Cape Cod Art and Nature|website=www.capecodartandnature.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-12-25}}

The sweetly scented flowers are traditionally used to make flower jam and dessert in China.{{cite web |url=https://www.guokr.com/post/708367/focus/1149982794/ |title=【餐桌物种日历】玫瑰 |date=August 5, 2016 |website=果壳网 |publisher=物种日历 |access-date=February 4, 2019 |archive-date=February 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204065841/https://www.guokr.com/post/708367/focus/1149982794/ |url-status=dead }} They are also used to make pot-pourri in Japan and China. It is used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat irregular menstruation and gastritis.{{cite web|title=Mei gui hua|url=https://tcmwiki.com/wiki/mei-gui-hua|publisher=TCM Wiki|access-date=5 February 2017}} Beach rose hips, like those of other rose species, are edible and can be used to make jams, syrups, tea, or eaten raw. {{cite web|url=http://www.edc.uri.edu/restoration/html/gallery/plants/rose.htm|title=Beach rose (Rosa rugosa)|website=www.edc.uri.edu|language=en-US|access-date=2021-07-23|archive-date=2022-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172527/http://www.edc.uri.edu/restoration/html/gallery/plants/rose.htm|url-status=dead}}

This species hybridises readily with many other roses, and is valued by rose breeders for its considerable resistance to the diseases rose rust and rose black spot. It is also extremely tolerant of seaside salt spray and storms, commonly being the first shrub in from the coast. It is widely used in landscaping, being relatively tough and trouble-free. Needing little maintenance due to its being very disease resistant, it is suitable for planting in large numbers; its salt-tolerance makes it useful for planting beside roads which need deicing with salt regularly. It can control erosion.{{Cite web|title=Invasive Alien Species Fact Sheet –Rosa rugosa|last=Weidema|first=I|date=2006|url=https://www.nobanis.org/globalassets/speciesinfo/r/rosa-rugosa/rosa_rugosa.pdf|publisher=Agency for Spatial and Environmental Planning, Ministry of the Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark}}

Numerous cultivars have been selected for garden use, with flower colour varying from white to dark red-purple, and with semi-double to double flowers where some or all of the stamens are replaced by extra petals. Popular examples include 'Rubra Plena' (semi-double variant, with strong clove scented dark pink petals and dark green wrinkled leaves and large round orange-red hips), 'Hansa' (very fragrant, red-purple double), 'Fru Dagmar Hastrup' (pink, single), 'Pink Grootendorst' (pink, semi-double), 'Blanc Double de Coubert' (white, double) and the more common 'Roseraie de L'Haÿ' (pink, double),{{cite web |title=ROSE, ROSERAIE DE L'HAY (Rosa rugosa Roseraie de L'Hay). Hedging Plants, Trees, Shrubs and Conifers. |url=https://www.hedging.co.uk/acatalog/product_10293.html |website=www.hedging.co.uk |access-date=29 October 2019}} which is often used for its very successful rootstock and its ornamental rose hips.{{cite web |title=Rugosa Roses - Shrub Roses - Type |url=https://www.davidaustinroses.co.uk/type/shrub-roses/rugosa-roses |website=www.davidaustinroses.co.uk |access-date=29 October 2019}}

File:Rosa rugosa plant (08).jpg, United States]]

In its native China, Rosa rugosa has been labeled as an endangered species due to a noticeable high decline in population rates of the flower, but in other continents where introduced it has become naturalized and is considered invasive. It can outcompete native flora and form dense thickets that completely cover large areas, thereby threatening biological diversity.{{cite web |url=http://www.nobanis.org/files/factsheets/Rosa_rugosa.pdf |title=NOBANIS — Invasive Alien Species Fact Sheet — Rosa rugosa |author=Weidema, I. |date=2006 |work=Online Database of the European Network on Invasive Alien Species — NOBANIS |access-date=29 August 2012}} Because of its robustness, sprouting ability, and seeds that are easily spread and may survive for years, eradication is very difficult and in countries where well-established, full eradication is considered unlikely.{{cite web| title=Rynket rose | url=https://mst.dk/natur-vand/natur/invasive-arter/hvad-kan-du-selv-goere-invasive-arter/bekaempelse-af-rynket-rose-uden-brug-af-pesticider/ | publisher=Danish Ministry of Environment | access-date=1 June 2023 }} The species can also be spread by birds and mammals that eat the berries.{{Cite web|url=https://www.eddmaps.org/ipane/ipanespecies/shrubs/rosa_rugosa.cfm?|title=Rosa rugosa|website=EDDMapS.org|language=en|access-date=2019-04-06}}

It is naturalized in many parts of Europe, particularly in coastal areas of northern Europe. It was first introduced into England from Japan in 1796, and then in Germany in 1845. This was the first presence of the flower within the European continent. In 1875, Rosa rugosa was found in Denmark and then in Sweden in 1918. By 2001, the flower species had become well established within 16 European countries.{{Cite journal|last1=Breed|first1=Martin|last2=Wenhao Gan|last3=Isermann|first3=Maike|last4=Zhang|first4=Shuping|date=2018-04-10|title=Invasive Rosa rugosa populations outperform native populations, but some populations have greater invasive potential than others|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=8|issue=1|pages=5735|doi=10.1038/s41598-018-23974-3|pmid=29636551|issn=2045-2322|pmc=5893583|bibcode=2018NatSR...8.5735Z}} Because of its invasiveness, it is illegal to sell the plant in some countries, including Denmark and Finland.{{cite web | title=Rynket rose - hyben | url=https://mst.dk/natur-vand/natur/artsleksikon/froeplanter/rynket-rose-hyben/ | publisher=Danish Ministry of Environment | access-date=1 June 2023 | archive-date=1 June 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601062825/https://mst.dk/natur-vand/natur/artsleksikon/froeplanter/rynket-rose-hyben/ | url-status=dead }}{{cite news| title=Finland bans imports, sales of invasive rose species | url=https://yle.fi/a/3-10811231 | date=1 July 2019 | publisher=Yle | access-date=1 June 2023 }} On Sylt, an island in the north of Germany, it is sufficiently abundant to have become known as the "Sylt rose".

It is considered noxious in some states of the US.{{cite web |author1=USDA, NRCS. National Plant Data Team |title=Rugosa Rose |url=https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_roru.pdf |website=The Plants Database |publisher=USDA, NRCS |location=Greensboro, NC |date=13 May 2002}} R. rugosa was first introduced into North America in 1845. The first report of it being naturalized far from the location in which it was planted occurred on Nantucket in 1899 and was spreading rapidly by 1911. By 1920, the rose had been well established in Nantucket and in Connecticut. Ten years later it was said to be "straying rapidly" and today it is naturalized on the entire coast of New England and in scattered locations around the Northeast and Pacific Northwest.{{BONAP|ref|genus=Rosa|species=rugosa|access-date=27 April 2019}} R. rugosa has also become naturalized in Argentina, Australia and New Zealand.

Pollen or fragrance of rose may cause an allergic reaction.

In Japanese, it is called {{nihongo|hamanasu|浜茄子}} "beach aubergine", {{nihongo|hamanashi|浜梨}} "beach pear", or simply {{nihongo|"bara"|玫瑰}} "rose".{{cite web|title=Flower Calendar|url=https://www.kunaicho.go.jp/e-event/hanadayori-cal.html|work=Imperial Household Agency|access-date=10 February 2020}} In Mandarin Chinese, it is called méiguì huā ({{lang|zh|玫瑰花}}) "rose" or cì méiguì ({{lang|zh|刺玫瑰}}) "thorned rose". In Korean, the species is called haedanghwa ({{korean|해당화}}, {{linktext|海棠|花}}), literally "flowers near the seashore".{{cite web|url=http://www.nature.go.kr/plant/plantGuide/results/view.jsp?name_id=13169&returnUrl=%2Fplant%2FplantGuide%2Fsearch%2Fgeneral.jsp%3Fplant_name%3D%C7%D8%B4%E7%C8%AD%26size%3D10%26init_check%3DY%26start%3D1%26selLang%3DK |title=Haedanghwa (해당화) |publisher=Korea National Arboretum |language=ko |access-date=2008-08-06}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}{{citation needed|date=May 2014}}

{{Reflist|30em}}

• [http://www.hort.net/profile/ros/rosru/ hort.net profile Rosa rugosa]

• {{Commonscat inline|Rosa rugosa|Rosa rugosa}}
• {{Wikispecies inline|Rosa rugosa|Rosa rugosa}}

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rugosa

Category:Flora of China

Category:Flora of Japan

Category:Flora of Korea

Category:Flora of Russia

Category:Garden plants

Category:Taxa named by Carl Peter Thunberg