rubble masonry
{{short description|Type of building stone}}
Image:rubble-fill-wall.jpg) with rubble masonry fill]]
File:The_Granary_and_Grave_Circle_A_in_Mycenae.jpg, Helladic cemetery of Mycenae, Greece, 16th century BCE]]
File:Qutb Complex Alai Minar.JPG, India, {{Circa|1316 CE}}]]
Rubble masonry or rubble stone is rough, uneven building stone not laid in regular courses.Fleming, Honour, & Pevsner. A Dictionary of Architecture.{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/rubble-masonry|title=Rubble masonry |work=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=23 March 2023}} It may fill the core of a wall which is faced with unit masonry such as brick or ashlar. Some medieval cathedral walls have outer shells of ashlar with an inner backfill of mortarless rubble and dirt.
Square rubble masonry
History
Irregular rubble, or sack, masonry evolved from embankments covered with boards, stones or bricks. That outer surface was used to give the embankment greater strength and make it more difficult for enemies to climb. The Sadd el-Khafara dam, in Wadi Al-Garawi near Helwan in Egypt, which is 14 meters high and built in rubble masonry, dates back to 2900–2600 BCRobert B. Jansen (1988). Robert B. Jansen, ed. Advanced dam engineering for design, construction, and rehabilitation Springer.
The Greeks called the construction technique emplektonRA Tomlinson (1961). "Emplekton Masonry and 'Greek Structura{{'"}}. The Journal of Hellenic Studies Vol. 81. pp. 133–140.Nic Fields & Brian Delf. Ancient Greek fortifications 500–300 BC. Osprey Publishing, 2006. and made particular use of it in the construction of the defensive walls of their poleis.
The Romans made extensive use of rubble masonry, calling it opus caementicium, because caementicium was the name given to the filling between the two revetments. The technique continued to be used over the centuries, as evidenced by the constructions of defensive walls and large works during medieval times.
Modern construction frequently uses cast concrete with an internal steel reinforcement. That allows for greater elasticity, as well as providing excellent static and seismic resistance, and preserves the unity between shape and structure typical of buildings with external load-bearing walls. All the structural elements can be linked to any rubble walls thus created, freeing the internal spaces from excessive constraints.A. Acocella (1989). The Architecture of Brick Facing. Rome.
See also
- Gabion—Metal cages filled with stones
- Snecked masonry—Masonry made of mixed sizes of stone but in regular courses
- Wattle and daub—Conceptually analogous to rubble within ashlar in the sense that a frame is filled in with a filler material