sac spider

{{Automatic taxobox

| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|Palaeogene|present}}

| image = Clubiona trivialis2.jpg

| image_alt =

| image_caption = Clubiona trivialis

| taxon = Clubionidae

| authority = Simon, 1878

| range_map = Distribution.clubionidae.1.png

| diversity = 18 genera, 665 species

}}

The sac spiders of the family Clubionidae{{efn|the term "sac spider" is also part of the common name of various non-clubionid spiders—such as yellow sac spiders (Cheiracanthiidae) or corinnid sac spiders (Corinnidae)—many of which were formerly included in Clubionidae}} are nocturnal, sac-building hunting spiders with a near-worldwide distribution. Their sacs, silken retreats in which they hide during the day, may be made in a variety of places, including between folded leaves or grass blades, under bark and below rocks or other ground litter.{{cite journal |last1=Das Sarkar |first1=Irina |last2=Quasin |first2=Shazia |last3=Siliwal |first3=Manju |title=Two new species of sac spiders (Araneae: Clubionidae) from the Indian Western Himalayas |journal=Serket |date=April 2023 |volume=19 |page=126 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/370156209_Two_new_species_of_sac_spiders_Araneae_Clubionidae_from_the_Indian_Western_Himalayas |access-date=26 April 2025}}

Although formerly a much larger catch-all taxon, in its current definition the family contains less than 700 described species across 18 genera, of which Clubiona is by far most species-rich, with 528 accepted species {{as of|lc=y|2024|11}}.{{cite web |title=Clubiona Species list |url=https://wsc.nmbe.ch/specieslist/502 |website=World Spider Catalog Version 25.5 |publisher=Natural History Museum Bern |access-date=26 November 2024}}

Taxonomy

The Clubionidae have a complex taxonomic history. Historically, the family was a large catch-all taxon for a variety of spiders that shared the following morphological and behavioral similarities: having eight eyes arranged in two rows; having conical anterior spinnerets that touched; and being nocturnal wandering predators that build "sacs" to retreat to during the day.{{cn|date=November 2024}}

A large number of genera have been transferred from Clubionidae to other families, and several former subfamilies of the Clubionidae are now treated as separate families.{{cite web |title=Clubionidae Simon, 1878 |url=https://wsc.nmbe.ch/family/17 |website=World Spider Catalog Version 25.5 |publisher=Natural History Museum Bern |access-date=26 November 2024 |year=2024}} The Zoropsidae, to which genera Anachemmis, Lauricius and Liocranoides were transferred, is much more closely related to the lynx spiders of family Oxyopidae than to the remaining Clubionidae.{{cite journal |last1=Kulkarni |first1=Siddharth |last2=Wood |first2=Hannah M. |last3=Hormiga |first3=Gustavo |title=Advances in the reconstruction of the spider tree of life: A roadmap for spider systematics and comparative studies |journal=Cladistics |date=December 2023 |volume=39 |issue=6 |pages=479–532 |doi=10.1111/cla.12557 |language=en |issn=0748-3007|doi-access=free |pmid=37787157 }}

According to 2023 cladistic research by Siddharth Kulkarni, Hannah M. Wood and Gustavo Hormiga, the remaining Clubionidae remain polyphyletic as a result of the current placement of genus Elaver.

Genera

{{As of|2024|11}}, the Clubionidae consist of over 665 species in 18 genera worldwide,{{cite web |title=Clubionidae Simon, 1878 - Family Detail |url=https://wsc.nmbe.ch/familydetail/17 |website=World Spider Catalog Version 25.5 |publisher=Natural History Museum Bern |access-date=26 November 2024}} with by far the majority of species in genus Clubiona. The following genera are accepted by the World Spider Catalog:{{cite web |title=Clubionidae Simon, 1878 - Genus List |url=https://wsc.nmbe.ch/genlist/17 |website=World Spider Catalog Version 25.5 |publisher=Natural History Museum Bern |access-date=26 November 2024 |year=2024}}

Arabellata Baert, Versteirt & Jocqué, 2010 — New Guinea
Bucliona Benoit, 1977 — St. Helena, Kenya, Russian Far East, Korea, Japan, China, Taiwan
Clubiona Latreille, 1804 — Africa, North America, Asia, Oceania, South America, Europe, Panama
Clubionina Berland, 1947 — St. Paul Is.
Elaver O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1898 — North America, Caribbean, Central America, South America, Philippines
Femorbiona Yu & Li, 2021 — China, Vietnam
Invexillata Versteirt, Baert & Jocqué, 2010 — New Guinea
Malamatidia Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 — Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia
Matidia Thorell, 1878 — Asia, Papua New Guinea
Nusatidia Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 — Asia
Porrhoclubiona Lohmander, 1944 — Asia, Africa, Europe
Pristidia Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 — Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia
Pteroneta Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 — Asia, Australia
Ramosatidia Yu & Li, 2021 — China
Scopalio Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 — Indonesia
Simalio Simon, 1897 — Asia, Trinidad
Sinostidia Yu & Li, 2021 — China
Tixcocoba Gertsch, 1977 — Mexico

Additionally, the World Spider Catalog considers Carteroniella Strand, 1907 to be a nomen dubium.{{cite web |title=Carteroniella Strand 1907 |url=https://wsc.nmbe.ch/genus/500?type=nd |website=World Spider Catalog version 25.5 |publisher=Natural History Museum Bern |access-date=26 November 2024}}

Notes

References

External links

[http://www.xs4all.nl/~ednieuw/Spiders/Anyphaenidae/anyphaenidae.htm Family Anyphaenidae Sac spiders, ghost spiders]
[http://www.xs4all.nl/~ednieuw/australian/sacspiders/sacspiders.html Australian sac spiders, family Clubionidae, Gnaphosidae, Miturgidae, Corinnidae]
[https://web.archive.org/web/20090305003004/http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/2000/2060A.html]
[https://web.archive.org/web/20110812185526/http://bohart.ucdavis.edu/Docs/insects/SacSpider.pdf]