samarium monochalcogenides

Single crystals or polycrystals of samarium monochalcogenides can be obtained by reacting the metal with sulfur, selenium or tellurium vapors at high temperature. Thin films can be obtained by magnetron sputtering{{cite journal|last1=Kitagawa|first1=R.|last2=Takebe|first2=H.|last3=Morinaga|first3=K.|title=Photoinduced phase transition of metallic SmS thin films by a femtosecond laser|journal=Applied Physics Letters|volume=82|pages=3641|year=2003|doi=10.1063/1.1577824|issue=21|bibcode = 2003ApPhL..82.3641K }} or electron beam physical vapor deposition, that is bombardment of samarium metal target with electrons in and appropriate gas atmosphere (e.g. hydrogen disulfide for SmS).

Samarium monochalcogenides are black semiconducting solids with rock-salt cubic crystal structure. Application of moderate hydrostatic pressure converts them into metals. Whereas the transition is continuous and occurs at about 45 and 60 kbar in SmSe and SmTe, respectively, it is abrupt in SmS and requires only 6.5 kbar. Similar effect is observed in monochalcogenides of another lanthanide, thulium. This results in spectacular change in color from black to golden yellow when scratching or mechanically polishing SmS.{{cite book|title = Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements|last = Emsley|first = John|publisher = Oxford University Press|year = 2001|location = Oxford, England, UK|isbn = 978-0-19-850340-8|chapter = Samarium|page = [https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl/page/374 374]|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=j-Xu07p3cKwC&pg=PA374|url = https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl/page/374}} The transition does not change the crystal structure, but there is a sharp decrease (about 15%)Eric Beaurepaire (Ed.) [https://books.google.com/books?id=rGDCn4lqmdsC&pg=PA393 Magnetism: a synchrotron radiation approach], Springer, 2006 {{ISBN|3-540-33241-3}} p. 393 in the crystal volume. A hysteresis is observed, that is when the pressure is released, SmS returns to semiconducting state at much lower pressure of about 0.5 kbar.{{cite journal|last1=Jayaraman|first1=A.|last2=Narayanamurti|first2=V.|last3=Bucher|first3=E.|last4=Maines|first4=R.|title=Continuous and Discontinuous Semiconductor-Metal Transition in Samarium Monochalcogenides Under Pressure|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=25|pages=1430|year=1970|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.25.1430|bibcode=1970PhRvL..25.1430J|issue=20}}

Not only color and electrical conductivity, but also other properties change in samarium monochalcogenides with increasing pressure. Their metallic behavior results from the decreasing band gap, which amounts at zero pressure to 0.15, 0.45 and 0.65 eV in SmS, SmSe and SmTe, respectively.K. H. J. Buschow [https://books.google.com/books?id=N9mvytGEBtwC&pg=PA318 Concise encyclopedia of magnetic and superconducting materials], Elsevier, 2005 {{ISBN|0-08-044586-1}} p. 318

At the transition pressure (6.5 kbar in SmS) the gap is still finite and the low resistivity originates from thermally activated generation of carriers across a narrow band gap. The gap collapses at about 20 kbar when SmS becomes a true metal. At this pressure, the material also changes from paramagnetic to a magnetic state.

The semiconductor-metal transition in samarium monochalcogenides requires application of pressure or presence of intrinsic stress, for example in thin films, and the reverse changes occur upon release of this stress. Such release can be triggered by various means, such as heating to about 200 °C{{cite journal|format=free download|last1=Rogers|first1=E|journal=Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter|last2=Smet|volume=22|issue=1|first2=P F|pages=015005|last3=Dorenbos|first3=P|last4=Poelman|first4=D|last5=Van Der Kolk|first5=E|title=The thermally induced metal–semiconducting phase transition of samarium monosulfide (SmS) thin films|year=2010|doi=10.1088/0953-8984/22/1/015005|pmid=21386220|bibcode = 2010JPCM...22a5005R |s2cid=17888041 |url=http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:334e8cda-c308-4ce0-a070-76af3c754a8b}} or irradiation with a pulsed, high-intensity laser beam.{{cite journal|last1=De Tomasi|first1=F|title=Laser irradiation effects on the resistance of SmS films|journal=Thin Solid Films|volume=413|issue=1–2|pages=171–176|year=2002|doi=10.1016/S0040-6090(02)00235-3|bibcode=2002TSF...413..171D}}

The change in electrical resistivity in samarium monochalcogenides can be used in a pressure sensor or in a memory device triggered between a low-resistance and high-resistance state by external pressure,Elmegreen, Bruce G. et al. [http://www.freepatentsonline.com/y2010/0073997.html Piezo-driven non-volatile memory cell with hysteretic resistance] US patent application 12/234100, 09/19/2008 and such devices are being developed commercially.[http://www.tenzo-sms.ru/en/about SmS Tenzo] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315180545/http://www.tenzo-sms.ru/en/about |date=2012-03-15 }} Samarium monosulfide also generates electric voltage upon moderate heating to about 150 °C that can be applied in thermoelectric power converters.{{cite journal|last1=Kaminskii|first1=V. V.|last2=Solov’ev|first2=S. M.|last3=Golubkov|first3=A. V.|title=Electromotive Force Generation in Homogeneously Heated Semiconducting Samarium Monosulfide|doi=10.1134/1.1467284|year=2002|pages=229|volume=28|journal=Technical Physics Letters|url=http://www.tenzo-sms.ru/en/articles/5|issue=3|bibcode=2002TePhL..28..229K|s2cid=122463906 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315180549/http://www.tenzo-sms.ru/en/articles/5|archivedate=2012-03-15|url-access=subscription}} [http://www.tenzo-sms.ru/en/articles other articles on this topic] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315180826/http://www.tenzo-sms.ru/en/articles |date=2012-03-15 }}

{{reflist|30em}}

{{Samarium compounds}}

Category:Samarium(II) compounds

Category:Chalcogenides