scanning thermal microscopy

SThM allows thermal measurements at the nano-scale. These measurements can include: temperature, thermal properties of materials, thermal conductivity, heat capacity, glass transition temperature, latent heat, enthalpy, etc. The applications include:

• Ultra large-scale integration (ULSI) lithography research and cellular diagnostics in biochemistry.{{cite journal|author=Li, M-H., Gianchandani, Y. B.|volume=104|pages=236–245|journal=Sensors and Actuators A: Physical|year=2003|doi=10.1016/S0924-4247(03)00026-8 |title=Applications of a low contact force polyimide shank bolometer probe for chemical and biological diagnostics|issue=3}}{{cite journal|author=Li, M-H.|journal= Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems|volume=10|pages=3–9|year=2001|title=Surface micromachined polyimide scanning thermocouple probes|doi=10.1109/84.911085|display-authors=etal}}{{cite journal|author=Ocola, L. E.|journal=Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology B|volume=14|pages=3974–3979|year=1996|doi=10.1116/1.588626|title=Latent image formation: Nanoscale topography and calorimetric measurements in chemically amplified resists|issue=6|bibcode = 1996JVSTB..14.3974O |display-authors=etal}}{{cite journal|author=Basu, A. S.|journal=Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology B|volume=22|pages= 3217–3220|year=2004|doi=10.1116/1.1808732|title=Scanning thermal lithography: Maskless, submicron thermochemical patterning of photoresist by ultracompliant probes|issue=6|bibcode = 2004JVSTB..22.3217B |s2cid=15455318|display-authors=etal}}
• Detecting such parameters as phase changes in polymer blends.{{cite journal|author=Hammiche, A.|journal=Meas. Sci. Technol.|volume=7|page=142|year=1996|doi=10.1088/0957-0233/7/2/004|title=Sub-surface imaging by scanning thermal microscopy|issue=2|bibcode = 1996MeScT...7..142H |s2cid=250787874 |display-authors=etal}}
• Joule heating{{cite journal|author=Luo, K.|journal=Appl. Phys. Lett.|volume= 68|pages=325–327|year=1996|doi=10.1063/1.116074|title=Nanofabrication of sensors on cantilever probe tips for scanning multiprobe microscopy|issue=3|bibcode = 1996ApPhL..68..325L |display-authors=etal}}
• Measuring material variations in semiconductor devices{{cite journal|author=Lai, J.|journal=IEEE Electron Device Letters|volume= 16|pages=312–315|year=1995|doi=10.1109/55.388718|title=Thermal detection of device failure by atomic force microscopy|issue=7|bibcode = 1995IEDL...16..312L |s2cid=42233076 |display-authors=etal}}
• Subsurface imaging{{cite journal|author=Lee, J-H., Gianchandani, Y. B. Review of Scientific Instruments|title=High-resolution scanning thermal probe with servocontrolled interface circuit for microcalorimetry and other applications|journal=Review of Scientific Instruments|volume=75|pages=1222–1227|year=2004|doi=10.1063/1.1711153|issue=5|bibcode = 2004RScI...75.1222L |url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/69814/2/RSINAK-75-5-1222-1.pdf|hdl=2027.42/69814|hdl-access=free}}
• Near-field photo thermal micro-spectroscopy {{cite journal|author=Hammiche, A.|journal=Applied Spectroscopy |volume=53|pages=810–815|year=1999|doi=10.1366/0003702991947379|title=Photothermal FT-IR Spectroscopy: A Step Towards FT-IR Microscopy at a Resolution Better Than the Diffraction Limit|issue=7|bibcode=1999ApSpe..53..810H|s2cid=93359289 |display-authors=etal}}
• Data storage{{cite journal|doi=10.1147/rd.443.0323|author=Vettiger, P.|title=The "Millipede"—More than thousand tips for future AFM storage|journal=IBM J. Res. Dev.|volume= 44|pages=323–340|year=2000|issue=3|display-authors=etal}}{{cite journal|author=Lerchner, J.|journal=Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical |volume=70|issue=1–3 |pages=57–66|year=2000|doi=10.1016/S0925-4005(00)00554-2|title=Calorimetric detection of volatile organic compounds|display-authors=etal}}
• Calorimetry applicationsLee, J-H. et al. International Workshop on Thermal Investigations of ICs and Systems (THERMINIC 2002), Madrid, Spain, October 2002, pp. 111–116.
• Hot-spots in integrated circuits Hendarto, E.; et al. (2005). Proceedings 43rd Annual IEEE International Reliability Physics Symposium: 294–299
• Low temperature scanning thermal microscopy {{cite journal|author=J.Wu, M.Reading, D. Q. M. Craig|title=Application of Calorimetry, Sub-Ambient Atomic Force Microscopy and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis to the Study of Frozen Aqueous Trehalose Solutions|journal=Pharmaceutical Research|volume=25|pages=1396–1404|year=2008|doi=10.1007/s11095-007-9530-y|issue=6|pmid=18256792|s2cid=9471815 }}
• Magnetic spectroscopy in combination with the ferromagnetic resonance realized in the SThM-FMR technique {{cite journal|author1=R. Meckenstock |author2=I. Barsukov |author3=C. Bircan |author4=A. Remhoff |author5=D. Dietzel |author6=D. Spoddig |title=Imaging of ferromagnetic resonance excitations in Permalloy nano structures on Si using scanning near-field thermal microscopy|journal=J. Appl. Phys.|volume=99|page=08C706|year=2006|doi=10.1063/1.2171929|issue=8|bibcode = 2006JAP....99hC706M }}
• Other applications{{cite journal|author=Majumdar A. Scanning thermal microscopy. Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci.|volume=29|page=505|year=1999|doi=10.1146/annurev.matsci.29.1.505|title=Scanning thermal microscopy|journal=Annual Review of Materials Science|bibcode=1999AnRMS..29..505M|s2cid=98802503 }}

SThM requires the use of specialized probes. There are two types of thermal probes: Thermocouple probes where the probe temperature is monitored by a thermocouple junction at the probe tip and resistive or bolometer probes where the probe temperature is monitored by a thin-film resistor at probe tip. These probes are generally made from thin dielectric films on a silicon substrate and use a metal or semiconductor film bolometer to sense the tip temperature. Other approaches, using more involved micro machining methods, have also been reported.{{cite journal|author=Gianchandani Y., Najafi, K.|journal= IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices|volume= 44|pages=1857–1868|year=1997|doi=10.1109/16.641353|title=A silicon micromachined scanning thermal profiler with integrated elements for sensing and actuation|issue=11|bibcode = 1997ITED...44.1857G }} In a bolometer probe the resistor is used as a local heater and the fractional change in probe resistance is used to detect the temperature and/or the thermal conductance of the sample. When the tip is placed in contact with the sample, heat flows from the tip to sample. As the probe is scanned, the amount of heat flow changes. By monitoring the heat flow, one can create a thermal map of the sample, revealing spatial variations in thermal conductivity in a sample. Through a calibration process, the SThM can reveal the quantitative values of thermal conductivity.{{Cite journal|last1=Nasr Esfahani|first1=Ehsan|last2=Ma|first2=Feiyue|last3=Wang|first3=Shanyu|last4=Ou|first4=Yun|last5=Yang|first5=Jihui|last6=Li|first6=Jiangyu|title=Quantitative nanoscale mapping of three-phase thermal conductivities in filled skutterudites via scanning thermal microscopy|journal=National Science Review|doi=10.1093/nsr/nwx074|volume=5|year=2017|pages=59–69|arxiv=1702.01895|bibcode=2017arXiv170201895N}} Alternately the sample may be actively heated, for example a powered circuit, to visualize the distribution of temperatures on the sample.

Tip-sample heat transfer can include

• Solid-solid conduction. Probe tip to sample. This is the transfer mechanism which yields the thermal scan.
• Liquid-liquid conduction. When scanning in non-zero humidity, a liquid meniscus forms between the tip and sample. Conduction can occur through this liquid drop.
• Gas conduction. Heat can be transferred through the edges of the probe tip to the sample.

{{reflist|30em}}

{{Commons category|Scanning thermal microscopy}}

• [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zSvm1KaEd6k SThM tutorial]
• {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150321023946/http://igorbarsukov.com/projects.html#SThM SThM-FMR technique]}}
• [http://nanometrologie.cz/en/techs_sthm.php SThM designs]

{{Scanning probe microscopy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Scanning Thermal Microscopy}}

Category:Scanning probe microscopy