schout-bij-nacht
{{Short description|Dutch naval rank}}
{{Navalranks}}
{{lang|nl|Schout-bij-nacht}} ({{IPA|nl|ˈsxʌud bɛi ˈnɑxt|pron|nl-schout-bij-nacht.ogg}}) is a naval rank of Dutch origin.
The {{lang|nl|schout-bij-nacht}} was responsible for ensuring that a fleet continued to sail in the prescribed order at night. The title comes from the title of the officer who replaced the admiral at night, from the Middle Low German schulthete meaning commanding official, cognate to the modern German Schultheiß, and was therefore called night commander, captain at night or {{lang|nl|schout-bij-nacht}}.[https://www.etymologiebank.nl/trefwoord/schoutbijnacht "SCHOUT-BIJ-NACHT - (VLAGOFFICIER)." etymologiebank.nl.] Retrieved 2022-11-30.
Denmark-Norway
In the Dano-Norwegian navy, the rank of {{lang|da|Schout by Nacht}} was codified on 11 February 1693, by King Christian V. In the second publication of the Danish order of precedence, the rank of {{lang|da|Schout by Nacht}} was placed below vice admirals ({{langx|da|Vice-Admiral}}), and above Commander-captains ({{lang|da|Commandeur-Capitainer til Søes}}).{{cite web |title=Rangforordningen, 11. februar 1693 |url=https://danmarkshistorien.dk/leksikon-og-kilder/vis/materiale/rangforordningen-11-februar-1693/#note8end |website=danmarkshistorien.dk |publisher=Aarhus University |access-date=20 March 2022 |language=da}} In 1771, the rank was replaced with Counter admiral.{{cite encyclopedia |author1=C. B-h. |editor1-last=Blangstrup |editor1-first=Christian |encyclopedia=Salmonsens Konversationsleksikon |date=1926 |publisher=A/S J. H. Schultz Forlagsboghandel |location=Copenhagen |edition=2nd |url=https://runeberg.org/salmonsen/2/21/0064.html |access-date=20 March 2022 |language=da |page=56 |title=Schoutbynacht}}
Netherlands
{{Infobox military rank
| name = {{lang|nl|Schout-bij-nacht}}
| native_name =
| image = File:Rank flag of Schout-bij-nacht for the Royal Netherlands Navy.svg{{!}}border
| image_size = 100px
| alt =
| caption =
| image2 = Netherlands-Navy-OF-7.svg
| image_size2 = 50px
| alt2 =
| caption2 = Sleeve insignia
| image3 =
| image_size3 =
| alt3 =
| caption3 =
| country = {{flag|Netherlands}}
| service branch = {{navy|Netherlands}}
| abbreviation =
| rank group = Flag officer
| rank =
| NATO rank = OF-7
| Non-NATO rank =
| pay grade =
| formation = 15th century
| abolished =
| higher rank = Vice admiral
| lower rank = Commander
| equivalents = Major general
| history =
}}
It is the second most junior admiral position of the Dutch Navy, ranking above {{lang|nl|commandeur}} ("commodore") and below a {{lang|nl|vice-admiraal}} ("vice admiral").[https://marineschepen.nl/algemeen/rangenenstanden.html "Rangen en standen van de Koninklijke Marine." Marineschepen.nl.] Retrieved 2022-11-30.
The rank is rated OF-7 within the NATO rank structure, usually equivalent counter admiral, and rear admiral."NATO Codes for Grades of Military Personnel." NATO Standard. APersP-01. June 2022, p. B5.
Russia
In the Imperial Russian Navy the rank of Schout-bij-nacht ({{langx|ru|шаутбенахт|translit=shautbenakht}}) was kept until 1732, when the rank was replaced with counter admiral ({{langx|ru|контр-адмирал|translit=kontr-admiral|label=none}}).Ганичев П. П. (1989). Воинские звания., col. 142-144.[https://nlr.ru/e-res/law_r/search.php?part=218®im=3Полное Cобрание законов Российской империи. Sankt Petersburg 1830, К No. 6292.] Retrieved 2022-11-30.
Sweden
{{lang|nl|Schoutbynacht}} was a rank used in the Swedish Navy from 1630 to 1771.Nordisk familjebok, Malmö 1952-1955, vol. 18, col. 853. It was then replaced by the rank of {{lang|nl|Konteramiral}}.Nordisk familjebok, Stockholm 1916, vol. 24, col. 1171.
See also
References
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Category:Dutch words and phrases