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scutellaria

{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants}}

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{{Automatic taxobox

|image=Scutellaria pekinensis Yamatatsunamisou in Ibukiyama 2002-6-9.jpg

|image_caption=Scutellaria pekinensis

|taxon=Scutellaria

|authority=L.{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?11003 |title=Genus: Scutellaria L. |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |date=2006-11-03 |access-date=2010-11-12}}

|synonyms=

  • Anaspis Rech.f.
  • Cruzia Phil.
  • Harlanlewisia Epling
  • Perilomia Kunth
  • Salazaria Torr.
  • Theresa Clos

|synonyms_ref= 

}}

Scutellaria is a genus of flowering plants in the mint family, Lamiaceae. They are known commonly as skullcaps.{{ITIS|id=32764|taxon=Scutellaria |access-date=2010-11-12}} The generic name is derived from the Latin scutella, meaning "a small dish, tray or platter",[http://wisplants.uwsp.edu/scripts/detail.asp?SpCode=SCUPARvMIS Scutellaria parvula var. missouriensis.] Robert W. Freckmann Herbarium. University of Wisconsin, Stevens Point. or "little dish",{{cite book |first1=Nirmal |last1=Joshee |first2=Thomas S. |last2=Patrick |first3=Rao S. |last3=Mentreddy |first4=Anand K |last4=Yadav |year=2002 |chapter-url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/ncnu02/v5-580.html |chapter=Skullcap: Potential medicinal crop |pages=580–6 |editor1-last=Janick |editor1-first=J. |editor2-first=A. |editor2-last=Whipkey |title=Trends in New Crops and New Uses |location=Alexandria, Virginia |publisher=ASHS Press}} referring to the shape of the calyx. The common name alludes to the resemblance of the same structure to "miniature medieval helmets". The genus has a subcosmopolitan distribution,Ulloa, C. U. and P. M. Jørgensen. [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=201&taxon_id=129910 Scutellaria.] Árboles y arbustos de los Andes del Ecuador. eFloras. with species occurring nearly worldwide, mainly in temperate regions.[http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_IJM.pl?tid=10537 Scutellaria.] The Jepson eFlora 2013.

Description

Most Scutellaria are annual or perennial herbaceous plants from {{cvt|5|to|100|cm|in|0}} tall, however a few are subshrubs. Some Scutellaria are aquatic. Scutellaria have four-angled stems and opposite leaves, and flowers with upper and lower lips. The genus is most easily recognized by the typical shield on the calyx that has also prompted its common name.

Traditional use

Skullcaps are used in traditional medicine, such as in traditional Chinese medicine. The root of Scutellaria baicalensis {{ndash}} a common component of many preparations{{cite journal |last1=Cole |first1=Ian |last2=Cao |first2=Jin |last3=Alan |first3=Ali |last4=Saxena |first4=Praveen |last5=Murch |first5=Susan |year=2008 |title=Comparisons of Scutellaria baicalensis, Scutellaria lateriflora and Scutellaria racemosa: Genome Size, Antioxidant Potential and Phytochemistry |journal=Planta Medica |volume=74 |issue=4 |pages=474–81 |pmid=18484546 |doi=10.1055/s-2008-1034358|s2cid=31127513 }} {{ndash}} is marketed in volumes that have led to the overexploitation of the wild plant. Its rarity has led to an increase in price, and encouraged the adulteration of the product with other species of Scutellaria.{{cite journal |last1=Guo |first1=Xiaorong |last2=Wang |first2=Xiaoguo |last3=Su |first3=Wenhua |last4=Zhang |first4=Guangfei |last5=Zhou |first5=Rui |year=2011 |title=DNA Barcodes for Discriminating the Medicinal Plant Scutellaria baicalensis (Lamiaceae) and Its Adulterants |journal=Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin |volume=34 |issue=8 |pages=1198–203 |pmid=21804206 |doi=10.1248/bpb.34.1198 |doi-access=free}}

In 1773, Scutellaria lateriflora became a common treatment in North America for the hysteria and hydrophobia caused by rabies.[https://www.scu.edu.au/analytical-research-laboratory---arl/medicinal-plant-garden/medicinal-plant-monographs/scutellaria-lateriflora/ Scutellaria lateriflora.] Southern Cross Plant Science. Southern Cross University. Today it is still a popular medicinal herb.{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Jing |last2=Wang |first2=Yan-Hong |last3=Smillie |first3=Troy J. |last4=Khan |first4=Ikhlas A. |year=2012 |title=Identification of phenolic compounds from Scutellaria lateriflora by liquid chromatography with ultraviolet photodiode array and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry |journal=Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis |volume=63 |pages=120–7 |pmid=22342658 |doi=10.1016/j.jpba.2012.01.027}} It is widely available as a commercial product used in western herbalism.{{cite journal |first1=Jiayu |last1=Gao |first2=Alberto |last2=Sanchez-Medina |first3=Barbara A. |last3=Pendry |first4=Michael J. |last4=Hughes |first5=Geoffrey P. |last5=Webb |first6=Olivia |last6=Corcoran |year=2008 |title=Validation of a HPLC method for flavonoid biomarkers in skullcap (Scutellaria) and its use to illustrate wide variability in the quality of commercial tinctures |journal=Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=77–87 |pmid=18445366 |doi=10.18433/J39G6V |doi-access=free}} The plant reportedly commands prices of $16 to $64 per pound dry weight.Janke, R. [http://www.ksre.ksu.edu/bookstore/pubs/mf2628.pdf A Grower's Guide: Scullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora).] MF-2628. Cooperative Extension, Kansas State University. 2004.

Constituents

The main compounds in skullcap are flavonoids. Isolated chemical compounds include wogonin, wogonoside, and 3,5,7,2',6'-pentahydroxyl flavanone found in Scutellaria.{{cite journal |last1=Lim |first1=Beong Ou |year=2003 |title=Effects of wogonin, wogonoside, and 3,5,7,2′,6′-pentahydroxyflavone on chemical mediator production in peritoneal exduate cells and immunoglobulin E of rat mesenteric lymph node lymphocytes |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=84 |issue=1 |pages=23–9 |pmid=12499072 |doi=10.1016/S0378-8741(02)00257-X}} Other constituents include baicalin, apigenin, oroxylin A, and scutellarein.{{cite journal |vauthors=Awad R, Arnason JT, Trudeau V, Bergeron C, Budzinski JW, Foster BC, Merali Z |title=Phytochemical and biological analysis of skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora L.): a medicinal plant with anxiolytic properties |journal=Phytomedicine |volume=10 |issue=8 |pages=640–9 |year=2003 |pmid=14692724 |doi=10.1078/0944-7113-00374}}

Selected species

{{Main|List of Scutellaria species|l1=List of Scutellaria species}}

Estimates of the number of species in the genus range from around 300 to about 350{{cite journal |last1=Shang |first1=Xiaofei |last2=He |first2=Xirui |last3=He |first3=Xiaoying |last4=Li |first4=Maoxing |last5=Zhang |first5=Ruxue |last6=Fan |first6=Pengcheng |last7=Zhang |first7=Quanlong |last8=Jia |first8=Zhengping |year=2010 |title=The genus Scutellaria an ethnopharmacological and phytochemical review |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=128 |issue=2 |pages=279–313 |pmid=20064593 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2010.01.006}}[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=129910 Scutellaria.] Flora of China. or 360{{cite journal |last1=Pool |first1=Amy |year=2006 |title=New Species of Scutellaria (Lamiaceae) from Mesoamerica |journal=Novon |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=388–403 |jstor=20406083 |doi=10.3417/1055-3177(2006)16[388:NSOSLF]2.0.CO;2|s2cid=86160022 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/37319 }} to 470.{{cite journal |last1=Hsu |first1=Tsai-Wen |last2=Kuo |first2=Chia-Chi |last3=Tsai |first3=Chi-Chu |last4=Chiang |first4=Yu-Chung |year=2009 |title=Isolation and characterization of 16 microsatellite markers from a rare and endemic species, Scutellaria austrotaiwanensis (Lamiaceae) |journal=Conservation Genetics Resources |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=85–8 |doi=10.1007/s12686-009-9020-0 |bibcode=2009ConGR...1...85H |s2cid=27063502}}[http://www.efloras.org/browse.aspx?flora_id=2&start_taxon_id=129910 Scutellaria, list of taxa.] Flora of China.{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?11003 |title=GRIN Species Records of Scutellaria |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |access-date=2010-11-12}}[http://www.efloras.org/browse.aspx?flora_id=5&start_taxon_id=129910 Scutellaria, list of taxa.] Flora of Pakistan.{{cite journal |title=De Novo Assembly and Species-Specific Marker Development as a Useful Tool for the Identification of Scutellaria L. Species |year=2021 |last1=Choi |first1=Hakjoon |last2=Kang |first2=Wan Seok |last3=Kim |first3=Jin Seok |last4=Na |first4=Chang-Su |last5=Kim |first5=Sunoh |journal=Current Issues in Molecular Biology |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=2177–2188 |doi=10.3390/cimb43030152 |pmid=34940126 |pmc=8929090 |doi-access=free}}

Selected species include:

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See also

References

{{Reflist|32em}}

External links

  • {{Commons category-inline|Scutellaria|Scutellaria}}
  • {{Wikispecies-inline|Scutellaria|Scutellaria}}
  • {{cite web |url=http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=SCUTE |title=Scutellaria L. (skullcap) |work=The PLANTS Database |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture}}
  • [http://morphbank.net/Browse/ByImage/index.php?keywords=Scutellaria&tsnKeywords=&spKeywords=&viewKeywords=&localityKeywords=&listField1=imageId&orderAsc1=ASC&listField2=&orderAsc2=ASC&listField3=&orderAsc3=ASC&sort.x=18&sort.y=7&numPerPage=20&goTo=&resetOffset=on&activeSubmit=1 Scutellaria images.] MorphBank.

{{Anxiolytics}}

{{GABAAR PAMs}}

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Category:Lamiaceae genera

Category:Medicinal plants

Category:Anxiolytics

Category:Dopamine reuptake inhibitors

Category:GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators

Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus