secondary antisemitism

{{short description|Antisemitism explained as aftermath of the Holocaust}}

{{antisemitism|Manifestations}}

Secondary antisemitism is a distinct form of antisemitism which is said to have appeared after the end of World War II. Secondary antisemitism is often explained as being caused by the Holocaust, as opposed to existing in spite of it.{{citation |author = EUMC|author-link = Fundamental Rights Agency|title= Antisemitism. Summary overview of the situation in the European Union 2001-2005|url= http://eumc.europa.eu/eumc/material/pub/AS/Antisemitism_Overview_December_2006_en.pdf|access-date = 2007-06-23|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090305065118/http://eumc.europa.eu/eumc/material/pub/AS/Antisemitism_Overview_December_2006_en.pdf|archive-date = 2009-03-05}} One frequently quoted formulation of the concept, first published in Henryk M. Broder's 1986 book {{lang|de|Der Ewige Antisemit}} (The Eternal Antisemite), stems from the Israeli psychiatrist {{ill|Zvi Rex|he|צבי רקס}},(1909 Vienna - 1981 Rehovot) (צבי רקס). As Zvi Rix he published an essay "The Great Terror" in the first issue (April 1975) of Immanuel Velikovsky's Kronos: A Journal of Interdisciplinary Synthesis. Cf. Rix-Velikovsky Correspondence April 1962 – Jan 1977 at [http://www.varchive.org/cor/rix/index.htm varchive.org]. Gunnar Heinsohn mentions Zvi Rix in his books Was ist Antisemitismus (1988) and Söhne und Weltmacht (2003). who once remarked: "The Germans will never forgive the Jews for Auschwitz."{{sfn|Broder|1986|p=Chapter 5, "Der Täter als Bewährungshelfer oder Die Deutschen werden den Juden Auschwitz nie verzeihen", page 125}}{{Cite web |last=Weinthal |first=Ben |title=The Raging Bronx Bull of German Journalism |publisher=Forward |date=2007-06-06 |url=http://www.forward.com/articles/10874/ |access-date=2012-01-13 }} The term was coined by {{ill|Peter Schönbach|de}}, a Frankfurt School co-worker of Theodor W. Adorno and Max Horkheimer, based on their critical theory.{{sfn|Schönbach|1961|p=80}}

Adorno, in a 1959 lecture titled "Was bedeutet: Aufarbeitung der Vergangenheit", published in his 1963 book {{lang|de|Eingriffe. Neun kritische Modelle}},{{cite book |last=Adorno |first=Theodor W. |author-link=Theodor W. Adorno |title=Eingriffe. Neun kritische Modelle |language=de |publisher=Suhrkamp Verlag |location=Frankfurt am Main |year=1996 |edition= |orig-year=1963 |isbn=978-3-518-13303-3}} addressed the fallacy of the broad German post-war tendency to associate and simultaneously causally link Jews with the Holocaust. According to Adorno's critique, an opinion had been readily accepted in Germany according to which the Jewish people were culpable in the crimes against them. Jewish guilt was assumed to varying extents, depending on the varying incarnations of that antisemitic notion, one of which is the idea that Jews were (and are) exploiting German guilt over the Holocaust. Adorno further wrote:

{{quote|Sometimes the victors are declared to be the cause of what the defeated have done when they were still in charge, and for the crimes of Hitler those are declared guilty who acquiesced his rise to power, and not those who hailed him. The idiocy in all this is in fact an indication of something mentally uncoped-with, of a wound, although the thought of wounds should be dedicated to the victims.}}

Initially, members of the Frankfurt School spoke of "guilt-defensiveness anti-Semitism", an antisemitism motivated by a deflection of guilt.{{cite web |author=Andrei S. Markovits |title=A New (or Perhaps Revived) "Uninhibitedness" toward Jews in Germany |publisher=Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs |work=Jewish Political Studies Review 18:1-2 |date=Spring 2006 |url=http://www.jcpa.org/phas/phas-markovits-s06.htm |access-date=2007-06-24}} The rehabilitation of many lower and even several higher-ranking Third Reich officials and officers appears to have contributed to the development of secondary antisemitism. These officials were rehabilitated in spite of their considerable individual contributions to Nazi Germany's crimes. Several controversies ensued early in post-World War II Germany, e.g. when Konrad Adenauer appointed Hans Globke as Chief of the Chancellery, although the latter had formulated the Enabling Act of 1933, the emergency legislation that gave Hitler unlimited dictatorial powers and had been one of the leading legal commentators on the Nuremberg race laws of 1935.{{sfn|Wistrich|2001|pp=74-75}}{{sfn|Pendas|2005|p=18}} According to Adorno, parts of the German public never acknowledged these events and instead formed the notion of Jewish guilt in the Holocaust.

An alternative explanation was proposed for the spate of postwar antisemitic violence in Eastern Europe. In 1946, the Slovak writer Karel František Koch argued that the antisemitic incidents that he witnessed in Bratislava after the war were "not antisemitism, but something far worse—the robber's anxiety that he might have to return Jewish property," a view that has been endorsed by Czech-Slovak scholar {{ill|Robert Pynsent|cs}}.{{sfn|Pynsent|2013|p=330}} It has been estimated that only 15% of Jewish property was returned after the war, and restitution was "negligible" in Eastern Europe. Property not returned has been valued at over $100 million in 2005 dollars.{{cite web |title=Restitution of Holocaust-Era Assets: Promises and Reality |publisher=Jerusalem Center For Public Affairs |url=http://jcpa.org/article/restitution-of-holocaust-era-assets-promises-and-reality/ |website=Jerusalem Center For Public Affairs |access-date=11 July 2018}}