serpent labret with articulated tongue

{{Infobox artefact

| name = Serpent labret with articulated tongue

| image = File:Serpent Labret with Articulated Tongue MET DP-478-022.jpg

| image_size = 300px

| alt = The serpent labret with articulated tongue

| image_caption = Serpent labret with articulated tongue, with tongue extended

| material = Gold, copper, silver

| weight = 1.81 ounces

| created = {{circa}} 1300–1521 AD

| location = Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City

| registration = [https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/321343 2016.64]

| map =

}}

The serpent labret with articulated tongue is a gold Aztec lip plug from the mid-second millennium AD. Designed to be inserted in a piercing below the lower lip, it depicts a fanged serpent preparing to strike, with a bifurcated tongue hanging from its mouth. The tongue, which is moveable and retractable, would have swung from side to side with its wearer's movements. According to a curator at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the labret is "perhaps the finest Aztec gold ornament to survive the crucibles of the sixteenth century".

Labrets were associated with the nobility in Aztec culture, worn by rulers and meted out as honours; even then, gold labrets likely remained the province of the élite. Gold was a hallmark of divinity—"the excrement of the sun", left behind as it traversed the underworld at night—and eloquence a hallmark of nobility: the title for the leader of the Aztec Empire was huei tlahtoani, literally "Great Speaker". The serpent, too, may represent Xiuhcoatl, the fire serpent wielded as a weapon by the sun god Huītzilōpōchtli. Worn prominently on the face, the labret likely symbolised the wearer's status and eloquence, and possibly divine right.

The labret is dated to 1300–1521, the period during which the Aztecs flourished. Consisting of a gold–copper–silver alloy, it was made by lost-wax casting; although such goldwork is traditionally ascribed to Mixtec makers, the Aztecs, particularly by the time of the Aztec Empire, may have also had their own sophisticated goldworking workshops. The labret was known by 1937, when it was placed on long-term loan at the American Museum of Natural History; it spent much of its succeeding history in private hands but on display, then was purchased in 2016 by the Met.

Background

= Aztecs =

The Aztecs were a Mesoamerican culture that flourished in central Mexico from around 1300 to 1521 AD. According to legend, the broad strokes of which find some support in the written and archaeological record, the Aztecs founded Tenochtitlan (modern-day Mexico City) on an island in Lake Texcoco in 1325, following several centuries of migration from Aztlán—a spot perhaps to the northwest of Mexico City and the origin of the name "Aztec", literally "person of Aztlán".{{sfn|Boone|1994|pp=28–45}}{{sfn|Levenson|1991|pp=499–500}}{{sfn|Nicholson|Keber|1983|pp=22, 181}} In 1428, after a century of various alliances and friction with the surrounding populations, the Aztec Empire was founded.{{sfn|Boone|1994|pp=44–49}} Also known as the Triple Alliance, the Empire was a coalition of the city-states Tenochtitlan, Texcoco, and Tlacopan.{{sfn|Boone|1994|p=49}}

The Aztec Empire exacted a heavy tribute (or tax) of gold from the surrounding regions—perhaps amounting to {{convert|500|kg}} a year—and the Aztecs had a rich tradition of goldwork to match.{{sfn|King|2015|pp=313, 315–318}} The manufacture of such objects at this time has traditionally been attributed to the Mixtecs to the south, or to Mixtec makers stationed in Tenochtitlan.{{sfn|López Luján|Ruvalcaba Sil|2015|p=43}}{{sfn|King|2015|p=313}}{{sfn|Levenson|1991|p=555}} More recent research has suggested that the Aztecs had their own sophisticated goldworking operation, particularly by the end of the fifteenth century.{{sfn|López Luján|Ruvalcaba Sil|2015|pp=43–48}}{{sfn|King|2015|p=324}}

Though the gold tribute would have been sufficient to manufacture tens of thousands of small- to medium-sized ornaments each year, fewer than 400 survive.{{sfn|King|2015|pp=313–314}} In 1519, the Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés landed on the shores of Mexico, and by 1521, he had decimated the Aztec Empire.{{sfn|Boone|1994|pp=140–151}} The Spanish were taken by, and took, the luxury that they found; seeing the gold and silver, Cortés wrote that "no smith in the world could have done better".{{sfn|Boone|1994|pp=82–83}} The German artist Albrecht Dürer, who saw some of the plunder that was shipped back, claimed that "[i]n all my life I have never seen anything that has so delighted my heart as did these objects; for there I saw strange works of art and have been left amazed by the subtle inventiveness of the men of far off lands."{{sfn|Nicholson|Keber|1983|p=29}} "Maddeningly enough," however, wrote the curator Jay Levenson, "although Diirer appears always to have had a sketchbook with him, no drawings of his are known of the now-lost masterpieces which he described."{{sfn|Levenson|1991|pp=9, 20}} Almost all of the gold was swiftly melted down, and turned into ingots.

= Labrets =

File:Codex Ixtlilxochitl - folio 106r.png, shown in the Codex Ixtlilxochitl wearing a labret]]

Labrets, or lip plugs, are a type of jewellery inserted through a piercing below the lower lip. Called tentetl in the Aztec language Nahuatl, labrets were associated with status and power. The Franciscan friar Bernardino de Sahagún, writing in the Florentine Codex, records a labret as among Moctezuma II's coronation regalia.{{sfn|Hajovsky|2015|pp=48–49}} The Dominican friar Diego Durán, meanwhile, writing in The History of the Indies of New Spain, records labrets as among the presents Moctezuma bestowed upon visiting lords for the occasion.{{sfn|Hajovsky|2015|p=54}} Other such regalia and gifts included diadems in turquoise and gold, bracelets, calf bands, ear ornaments, and ear and nose plugs.{{sfn|Hajovsky|2015|pp=48–49, 54}} Labrets were also awarded with the honours afforded successful warriors—the Codex Mendoza depicts the highest-ranking noble-warriors wearing long, hanging labrets—and merchants who returned from perilous trips to foreign lands were sometimes rewarded by being permitted to wear gold ornaments and amber labrets to mark themselves among the nobility.{{sfn|Hajovsky|2015|pp=54–56, 80}}

The link between labrets and the nobility may have been reinforced by the link between the nobility and eloquence.{{sfn|Hajovsky|2015|pp=68–70}} The title for the leader of the Aztec Empire was huei tlahtoani, literally "Great Speaker".{{sfn|Hajovsky|2015|pp=68–70}} Eloquence was expected of nobles; according to Durán, noble children "were told to speak without stuttering, without nervousness or haste".{{sfn|Hajovsky|2015|p=70}} Positioned on the face directly below the lips, labrets likely highlighted the eloquence expected of nobles, and underscored their right to speak and be heard.{{sfn|Hajovsky|2015|pp=68–70}}{{sfn|Houston|Cummins|2004|pp=369–370}}

{{multiple image

| direction = vertical

| image1 = Cultura mixteca-azteca, ornamento labiale a forma di testa d'aquila in oro, 1200-1521 ca..JPG

| alt1 = Gold labret in the shape of an eagle's head

| image2 = Nezahualcoyotl's eagle labret in Codex Ixtlilxochitl - folio 106r (cropped).png

| alt2 = Close-up of Nezahualcoyotl's jaw from the Codex Ixtlilxochitl, showing him with a gold labret

| footer = The eagle labret held by the Museo Civico d'Arte Antica mirrors the one worn by Nezahualcoyotl in the Codex Ixtlilxochitl.

}}

Sahagún also records apparel worn by Moctezuma when he would dance, including different types of labrets: cylinders made of crystal, turquoise, or green stone, and labrets of gold, including eagles and "fire serpents".{{sfn|Hajovsky|2015|p=68}} The description is reminiscent of several labrets that still survive.{{sfn|Hajovsky|2015|p=68}} Although most such labrets are plain, made of made of obsidian or greenstone, several are reminiscent of Sahagún's description.{{sfn|Hajovsky|2015|p=68}} Gold eagle labrets are held by the Metropolitan Museum of Art (the "Met"), the Saint Louis Art Museum, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, and the Museo Civico d'Arte Antica in Turin. The Met also holds an eagle in jadeite, and the Princeton University Art Museum a curassow in gold. The National Museum of the American Indian in Washington holds both a gold bird's head labret, and a gold serpent with tongue extended. The Turin example, in particular, closely parallels one worn by the Aztec ruler Nezahualcoyotl in his depiction in the Codex Ixtlilxochitl.{{sfn|Hajovsky|2015|p=68}}

Description

The labret is {{convert|2.625|in|cm|abbr=on}} high, {{convert|1.75|in|cm|abbr=on}} wide, {{convert|2.625|in|cm|abbr=on}} deep, and weighs {{convert|1.81|oz}}. It is hollow, and made of an alloy of 59.3 to 64.3% gold, 26.8 to 33.1% copper, and 7.5 to 8.8% silver.{{sfn|Easby|1955|pp=104–105, 114–117}}

The piece is shaped like a serpent preparing to strike, with a curled eyebrow and snout, serrated teeth, two fangs, and bifurcated tongue. The snout is large, with rounded nostrils, while the eyes are set under a pronounced supraorbital plate. The tongue was cast to hang freely, allowing it to be retracted or extended, and for it to swing from side to side with the movement of its wearer. The underside of the lower jaw is covered in scales; atop the head is depicted a feathered and beaded headdress, represented in false filigree by a circle of ten spheres from which extend three loops. The circles surround a small recess, perhaps once inlaid with stone. The serpent is attached to a cylindrical plug, decorated with a ring of small spheres and spirals, which has a wide and plain flange to hold the labret in place within the wearer's mouth.

The labret, according to the Met curator Joanne Pillsbury, is "perhaps the finest Aztec gold ornament to survive the crucibles of the sixteenth century".{{sfn|Levenson|1991|p=555}} It is a rare example not just of ancient goldworking, but of the highest levels of Aztec culture, "a world almost entirely obliterated when Hernán Cortés arrived on the shores of Mexico in 1519".

Symbolism

Serpents were a longstanding motif of Mesoamerican art, appearing since at least the second millennium BC.{{sfn|Meyer|1970|p=105}} They were particularly associated with rulers, in part because of the perception that snakes were able to transcend realms, from earth, to water, to sky. The labret's snout and curled eyebrows, and the feathered headdress, indicate that the piece may depict Xiuhcoatl, a mythological fire serpent wielded as a weapon by the sun god Huītzilōpōchtli.

The labret's material, gold, likely also carried symbolic weight. According to Sahagún, Aztecs considered gold to be Tōnatiuh icuitl, the "excrement of the sun",{{refn|group=note|Another term for gold was teocuitlatl: "often translated (not without a sense of humor) as 'holy shit'".{{sfn|Roskamp|2010|p=70}}}} left behind as he traversed the underworld at night.{{sfn|Klein|1993|pp=25–26 & n.52}}{{sfn|Hajovsky|2015|p=68}} Such labrets, especially when worn with other gold objects, would likely have evoked a connection with divinity, and implied a ruler's divine right.{{sfn|Hajovsky|2015|p=68}}

Manufacture

The labret is dated to 1300–1521, reflecting the period of time in which the Aztecs flourished, and could be of Mixtec or Aztec origin.{{sfn|Meyer|1970|p=105}} It was made via lost-wax casting in three pieces.{{sfn|Easby|1955|pp=104–105, 114–117}}{{refn|group=note|For a description of lost-wax casting by Aztecs, see {{harvnb|Bray|1968|pp=131–132}}.}} The tongue would have been cast first, then filed and polished.{{sfn|Easby|1955|pp=104–105, 114–117}} The head and neck piece would then have been prepared for casting, with the finished tongue inserted into the core.{{sfn|Easby|1955|pp=104–105, 114–117}} The core was engraved, with the head and neck modeled in wax; comma-shaped marks in the metal show where the maker used a tool to press the wax in the core's grooves.{{sfn|Easby|1955|pp=104–105, 114–117}} The already-cast tongue appears to have shifted during the process, displacing the wax from the top of the maxillary arch.{{sfn|Easby|1955|pp=104–105, 114–117}} Three holes {{convert|4|mm|abbr=on}} in diameter—one behind the beck, one below the jaw, one below the body—show where something such as wood or thorns was used to support the core.{{sfn|Easby|1955|pp=104–105, 114–117}} With the head and body cast, the third and final piece would have been the plug with flange.{{sfn|Easby|1955|pp=104–105, 114–117}}

Provenance

The early history of the labret is unknown.{{sfn|Meyer|1970|p=105}} It was acquired by 1937 by Heath McClung Steele, an executive at American Metal Company, and held until 1949. His children—Margaret Truman Fahnestock, Heath Warren Steele, and David Truman Steele—next held it until 1978. The labret was then sold at Sotheby's in New York on 22 November 1978 for $101,000 ({{Inflation|US|101000|1978|r=-3|fmt=eq}});{{sfn|Sotheby's|1978|loc=lot 129}} it passed into the collection of Jay C. Leff, a bank executive, until 1981. From there it was sold by Judith Small Nash, a dealer and collector, then owned by Peter G. Gray, a major rancher, until 1 March 1985. It was next owned by Herbert L. Lucas through 2004.

From 2014 until 2016, the labret was held in a private New York collection. It was then purchased by the Met in 2016, using funds from the 2015 Benefit Fund and the Lila Acheson Wallace Gift, and given the accession number 2016.64.

Exhibitions

File:Serpent Labret with Articulated Tongue.gif

Even before its acquisition by the Met, the labret has been on display for the majority of the time that it has been known.

1937–1978 — American Museum of Natural History, long-term loan (with interruptions, including World War II and the exhibition below)
1940 — Museum of Modern Art, exhibition ("Twenty Centuries of Mexican Art/Veinte Siglos de Arte Mexicano"){{sfn|Twenty Centuries of Mexican Art|1940}}
28 September 1983–8 January 1984 — National Gallery of Art, exhibition ("Art of Aztec Mexico: Treasures of Tenochtitlan"){{sfn|Nicholson|Keber|1983|p=154}}
Beginning 1985 (likely through at least 1992{{sfn|Levenson|1991|p=555}}) — Detroit Institute of Arts, long-term loan (T1985.198, from Herbert L. Lucas)
12 October 1991–12 January 1992 — National Gallery of Art, exhibition ("Circa 1492: Art in the Age of Exploration"){{sfn|Levenson|1991|p=555}}
6 January 1993–1 November 2004 — Metropolitan Museum of Art, long-term loan (L.1993.4, from Herbert L. Lucas)
August 2013–February 2016 — Metropolitan Museum of Art, long-term loan (L.2013.72, from a private collection in New York)
16 September 2017–28 January 2018 — J. Paul Getty Museum, exhibition ("Golden Kingdoms: Luxury and Legacy in the Ancient Americas"){{sfn|Pillsbury|Potts|Richter|2017}}
26 February 2018–28 May 2018 — Metropolitan Museum of Art, exhibition ("Golden Kingdoms: Luxury and Legacy in the Ancient Americas"){{sfn|Pillsbury|Potts|Richter|2017}}
12 November 2018–24 February 2019 — Metropolitan Museum of Art, exhibition ("Jewelry: The Body Transformed"){{sfn|Holcomb|2018|pp=32–33}}

Gallery

{{Gallery

|title=The serpent labret with articulated tongue

|width=120 |height=100

|align=center

|File:Serpent Labret with Articulated Tongue MET 026 mcb 2016.64 478-011 001.jpg

|alt1=Refer to caption

|Close-up of head

|File:Serpent Labret with Articulated Tongue MET 024 mcb 2016.64 478-015 001.jpg

|alt2=Refer to caption

|Close-up of mouth

|File:Serpent Labret with Articulated Tongue MET 014 mcb 2016.64 478-013.jpg

|alt3=Refer to caption

|The headdress

|File:Serpent Labret with Articulated Tongue MET 017 mcb 2016.64 478-008.jpg

|alt4=Refer to caption

|Decorations on the plug

|File:Serpent Labret with Articulated Tongue MET 010 mcb 2016.64 478-028.jpg

|alt5=Refer to caption

|Front

|File:Serpent Labret with Articulated Tongue MET 019 mcb 2016.64 478-039.jpg

|alt6=Refer to caption

|Back, showing base of plug and one of the three support holes from casting

|File:Serpent Labret with Articulated Tongue MET 022 mcb 2016.64 478-010.jpg

|alt7=Refer to caption

|Underside, showing scales beneath the jaw and the other two support holes from casting

}}

References

{{reflist|30em|refs=

{{cite news | title = H. M. Steele, Native Of Knox, Dies | newspaper = The Knoxville Journal | location = Knoxville, Tennessee | page = 3 | volume = 117 | date = 23 February 1956 | url = https://www.newspapers.com/article/137599240 | via = Newspapers.com | access-date = 29 December 2023 | archive-date = 30 December 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231230204341/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-knoxville-journal-h-m-steele-nati/137599240/ | url-status = live }} {{free access}}

{{cite news | last = Reif | first = Rita | author-link = Rita Reif | title = Antiques View; An Abundance of Pre-Columbian Art | newspaper = The New York Times | location = New York | department = Antiques View | page = 2-30 | volume = CXXXIII | issue = 46,008 | date = 8 April 1984 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/08/arts/antiques-view-an-abundance-of-pre-columbian-art.html | access-date = 29 December 2023 | archive-date = 29 December 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231229080926/https://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/08/arts/antiques-view-an-abundance-of-pre-columbian-art.html | url-status = live }} {{free access}}

{{cite news | title = David Truman Steele | newspaper = The Enterprise | location = Lexington Park, Maryland | department = Obituaries | page = A-8 | volume = 90 | issue = 25 | date = 30 March 1988 | url = http://stmalib.archivalweb.com/imageViewer.php?i=1380052 | access-date = 29 December 2023 | archive-date = 30 December 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231230204330/http://stmalib.archivalweb.com/imageViewer.php?i=1380052 | url-status = live }} {{free access}}

{{cite news | ref = {{harvid|The Enterprise|1994}} | title = Heath Warren Steele | newspaper = The Enterprise | location = Lexington Park, Maryland | department = Obituaries | page = A-10 | volume = 96 | issue = 86 | date = 28 October 1994 | url = http://stmalib.archivalweb.com/imageViewer.php?i=1422842 | access-date = 29 December 2023 | archive-date = 29 December 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231229073321/http://stmalib.archivalweb.com/imageViewer.php?i=1422842 | url-status = live }} {{free access}}

{{cite news | last = Thomas | first = Mary | title = Jay C. Leff | newspaper = Pittsburgh Post-Gazette | location = Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania | department = Obituaries | page = B-5 | volume = 73 | issue = 178 | date = 25 January 2000 | url = https://www.newspapers.com/article/137600155 | via = Newspapers.com | access-date = 29 December 2023 | archive-date = 30 December 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231230204224/https://www.newspapers.com/article/pittsburgh-post-gazette-jay-c-leff/137600155/ | url-status = live }} {{free access}}

{{cite news | title = Lewis, Margaret Truman Steele Fahnestock | newspaper = The Tennessean | location = Nashville, Tennessee | department = Death Notices | page = 7B | volume = 98 | issue = 109 | date = 19 April 2002 | url = https://www.newspapers.com/article/137599972 | via = Newspapers.com | access-date = 29 December 2023 | archive-date = 30 December 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231230204319/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-tennessean-lewis-margaret-truman-st/137599972/ | url-status = live }} {{free access}}

{{cite journal | last = Pillsbury | first = Joanne | date = Fall 2016 | title = Labret in the Form of a Serpent with an Articulated Tongue | journal = The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin | publisher = The Metropolitan Museum of Art | location = New York | volume = LXXIV | issue = 2 | page = 28 | jstor = 48567953 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=P6CPDQAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PA28 | access-date = 2023-12-29 | archive-date = 2023-12-29 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231229144928/https://books.google.com/books?id=P6CPDQAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PA28 | url-status = live }} {{free access}}

{{cite web | last = Pillsbury | first = Joanne | title = Serpent Labret with Articulated Tongue | date = 2016 | website = MetCollects | publisher = Metropolitan Museum of Art | url = https://www.metmuseum.org/art/online-features/metcollects/labret-serpent-with-articulated-tongue | access-date = 29 December 2023 | archive-date = 30 December 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231230014555/https://www.metmuseum.org/art/online-features/metcollects/labret-serpent-with-articulated-tongue | url-status = live }} {{free access}}

{{cite web | last = Pillsbury | first = Joanne | title = Serpent Labret with Articulated Tongue | date = 2016 | website = Metropolitan Museum of Art | publisher = | url = https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/321343 | access-date = 28 December 2023 | archive-date = 22 September 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230922141501/https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/321343 | url-status = live }} {{free access}}

{{cite web | title = Anonymous (Cuzco School Late 18th Century) | date = 2017 | website = Christie's | publisher = | url = https://www.christies.com/en/lot/lot-4912959 | access-date = 29 December 2023 | archive-date = 29 December 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231229075351/https://www.christies.com/en/lot/lot-4912959 | url-status = live }} {{free access}}

{{cite web | title = Gold labret in form of a curassow, ca. A.D. 1450 | date = | website = Princeton University Art Museum | publisher = | url = https://artmuseum.princeton.edu/collections/objects/31589 | access-date = 28 December 2023 | archive-date = 28 December 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231228050921/https://artmuseum.princeton.edu/collections/objects/31589 | url-status = live }} {{free access}}

{{cite web | title = Labret | date = | website = Metropolitan Museum of Art | publisher = | url = https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/43715 | access-date = 28 December 2023 | archive-date = 28 December 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231228052427/https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/43715 | url-status = live }} {{free access}}

{{cite web | title = Labret | date = | website = Metropolitan Museum of Art | publisher = | url = https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/313283 | access-date = 28 December 2023 | archive-date = 28 December 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231228052109/https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/313283 | url-status = live }} {{free access}}

{{cite web | title = Labret, Eagle Head | date = | website = Metropolitan Museum of Art | publisher = | url = https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/310663 | access-date = 27 December 2023 | archive-date = 28 December 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231228044945/https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/310663 | url-status = live }} {{free access}}

{{cite web | title = Labret in the Form of an Eagle Head | date = | website = Los Angeles County Museum of Art | publisher = | url = https://collections.lacma.org/node/173247 | access-date = 28 December 2023 | archive-date = 28 December 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231228050541/https://collections.lacma.org/node/173247 | url-status = live }} {{free access}}

{{cite web | title = Labret/Lip plug representing a bird | date = | website = National Museum of the American Indian | publisher = | location = Washington, D.C. | url = https://americanindian.si.edu/collections-search/objects/NMAI_175183 | access-date = 28 December 2023 | archive-date = 28 December 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231228052856/https://americanindian.si.edu/collections-search/objects/NMAI_175183 | url-status = live }} {{free access}}

{{cite web | title = Lip Plug | date = | website = Metropolitan Museum of Art | publisher = | url = https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/313284 | access-date = 28 December 2023 | archive-date = 28 December 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231228052111/https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/313284 | url-status = live }} {{free access}}

{{cite web | title = Lip Plug | date = | website = Metropolitan Museum of Art | publisher = | url = https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/313285 | access-date = 28 December 2023 | archive-date = 28 December 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231228052111/https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/313285 | url-status = live }} {{free access}}

{{cite web | title = Lip Plug in the Form of an Eagle Head (teocuitcuauhtentetl) | date = | website = Saint Louis Art Museum | publisher = | url = https://www.slam.org/collection/objects/8922/ | access-date = 27 December 2023 | archive-date = 28 December 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231228050849/https://www.slam.org/collection/objects/8922/ | url-status = live }} {{free access}}

{{cite web | title = Ornamento labiale | lang = it | trans-title = Lip ornament | date = | website = Palazzo Madama | publisher = | location = Turin | url = https://www.palazzomadamatorino.it/it/archivio-catalogo/ornamento-labiale-4/ | access-date = 30 December 2023 | archive-date = 30 December 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231230065358/https://www.palazzomadamatorino.it/it/archivio-catalogo/ornamento-labiale-4/ | url-status = live }} {{free access}}

{{cite web | title = Puebla-style labret in the form of a snake's head | date = | website = National Museum of the American Indian | publisher = | url = https://americanindian.si.edu/collections-search/objects/NMAI_193437 | access-date = 28 December 2023 | archive-date = 28 December 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231228052751/https://americanindian.si.edu/collections-search/objects/NMAI_193437 | url-status = live }} {{free access}}

{{cite web | title = Tentetl/Lip ornament | date = | website = Google Arts & Culture | publisher = | url = https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/tentetl-lip-ornament-mexico-mixtec-aztec-culture/OgHGpDarHBMZyw | access-date = 30 December 2023 | archive-date = 30 December 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231230065638/https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/tentetl-lip-ornament-mexico-mixtec-aztec-culture/OgHGpDarHBMZyw | url-status = live }} {{free access}}

}}

Notes

Bibliography

{{Commons|Category:Serpent Labret with Articulated Tongue MET 2016.64|serpent labret with articulated tongue}}

{{cite book | last = Boone | first = Elizabeth Hill | author-link = Elizabeth Hill Boone | title = The Aztec World | date = 1994 | publisher = St. Remy Press | location = Montréal | isbn = 0-89599-040-7 | lccn = 94-9830 | url = https://archive.org/details/aztecworld0000boon | url-access = registration }}
{{cite book | last = Bray | first = Warwick | title = Everyday Life of the Aztecs | date = 1968 | publisher = Dorset Press | location = New York | isbn = 0-88029-143-5 | url = https://archive.org/details/everydaylifeofaz00warw | url-access = registration }}
{{cite journal | last = Easby | first = Dudley T. Jr. | date = 1955 | title = Sahagún y los orfebres precolombinos de México | lang = es | trans-title = Sahagún and the pre-Columbian goldsmiths of Mexico | journal = Anales del Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia | trans-journal = Annals of the National Institute of Anthropology and History | publisher = Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia | volume = IX | issue = 38 | pages = 85–117 | url = https://mediateca.inah.gob.mx/repositorio/islandora/object/articulo%3A7698 }} {{free access}}
{{cite book | last = Hajovsky | first = Patrick Thomas | title = On the Lips of Others: Moteuczoma's Fame in Aztec Monuments and Rituals | date = 2015 | publisher = University of Texas Press | location = Austin | isbn = 978-0-292-76668-6 | lccn = 2014023105 | jstor = 10.7560/766686 | url = https://muse.jhu.edu/book/40131 }}
{{cite book | editor-last = Holcomb | editor-first = Melanie | title = Jewelry: The Body Transformed | date = 2018 | publisher = The Metropolitan Museum of Art | location = New York | isbn = 978-1-58839-650-1 }}
{{cite book | last1 = Houston | first1 = Stephen D. | last2 = Cummins | first2 = Tom | editor1-last = Evans | editor1-first = Susan Toby | editor2-last = Pillsbury | editor2-first = Joanne | title = Palaces Of The Ancient New World: A Symposium at Dumbarton Oaks 10th and 11th October 1998 | date = 2004 | publisher = Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection | location = Washington, D.C. | pages = 359–398 | chapter = Body, Presence, and Space in Andean and Mesoamerican Rulership | isbn = 0-88402-300-1 | lccn = 84-22035 | chapter-url = https://archive.org/details/1765PalacesOfTheAncientNewWorld/page/n367 | chapter-url-access = registration | name-list-style = amp }}
{{cite journal | last = King | first = Timothy B. | date = Fall 2015 | title = The Case for the Aztec Goldsmith | journal = Ancient Mesoamerica | publisher = Cambridge University Press | volume = 26 | issue = 2 | pages = 313–327 | jstor = 26301972 }} {{free access}}
{{cite journal | last = Klein | first = Cecelia F. | date = Fall 1993 | title = Teocuitlatl, "Divine Excrement": The Significance of "Holy Shit" in Ancient Mexico | journal = Art Journal | publisher = College Art Association | location = New York | volume = 52 | issue = 3 | pages = 20–27 | doi = 10.1080/00043249.1993.10791519 | jstor = 777364 | url = https://www.academia.edu/95330549 }} {{free access}}
{{cite book | editor-last = Levenson | editor-first = Jay A. | title = Circa 1492: Art in the Age of Exploration | date = 1991 | publisher = Yale University Press | location = New Haven | isbn = 0-300-05167-0 | lccn = 91-50590 | url = https://www.nga.gov/content/dam/ngaweb/research/publications/pdfs/circa-1492.pdf }}
{{cite journal | last1 = López Luján | first1 = Leonardo | author1-link = Leonardo López Luján | last2 = Ruvalcaba Sil | first2 = José Luis | date = January–June 2015 | title = El oro de Tenochtitlan: la colección arqueológica del Proyecto Templo Mayor | lang = es | trans-title = Tenochtitlan’s Gold: the Archaeological Collection of the Great Temple Project | journal = Estudios de Cultura Náhuatl | trans-journal = Studies of Nahuatl Culture | volume = 49 | pages = 7–57 | url = https://www.scielo.org.mx/pdf/ecn/v49/v49a2.pdf | name-list-style = amp }} {{free access}}
{{cite book | editor-last = Meyer | editor-first = Alfred | title = Ancient Mexico and Central America | date = 1970 | publisher = The American Museum of Natural History | location = New York | url = https://archive.org/details/ancientmex00amer | url-access = registration }}
{{cite book | title = Mysteries of the Ancient Americas: The New World Before Columbus | date = 1986 | publisher = The Reader's Digest Association, Inc. | location = Pleasantville, New York | isbn = 0-89566-183-7 | lccn = 84-15038 | url = https://archive.org/details/mysteriesofancie0000unse_o6i9 | url-access = registration }}
{{cite book | last1 = Nicholson | first1 = Henry B. | author1-link = H. B. Nicholson | last2 = Keber | first2 = Eloise Quiñones | author2-link = Eloise Quiñones Keber | title = Art of Aztec Mexico: Treasures of Tenochtitlan | date = 1983 | publisher = National Gallery of Art | location = Washington, D.C. | isbn = 0-89468-070-6 | lccn = 83-17217 | url = https://www.nga.gov/content/dam/ngaweb/research/publications/pdfs/art-of-aztec-mexico.pdf | name-list-style = amp }}
{{cite book | editor1-last = Pillsbury | editor1-first = Joanne | editor2-last = Potts | editor2-first = Timothy | editor2-link = Timothy Potts | editor3-last = Richter | editor3-first = Kim N. | title = Golden Kingdoms: Luxury Arts in the Ancient Americas | date = 2017 | publisher = Getty Publications | location = Los Angeles | isbn = 978-1-60606-548-8 | name-list-style = amp }}
{{cite journal | last = Roskamp | first = Hans | date = Spring 2010 | title = God of Metals: Tlatlauhqui Tezcatlipoca and the Sacred Symbolism of Metallurgy in Michoacan, West Mexico | journal = Ancient Mesoamerica | publisher = Cambridge University Press | volume = 21 | issue = 1 | pages = 69–78 | jstor = 26309088 }} {{free access}}
{{cite book | ref = {{harvid|Sotheby's|1978}} | title = Sale Number 4181: Fine Pre-Columbian Art | date = 1978 | publisher = Sotheby Parke Bernet Inc. | location = New York | oclc = 171475134 }}
{{cite book | ref = {{harvid|Twenty Centuries of Mexican Art|1940}} | title = Twenty Centuries of Mexican Art / Veinte Siglos de Arte Mexicano | date = 1940 | publisher = Instituto Ae antropología e Historia de Mexico | location = Mexico City | url = https://archive.org/details/twentycenturieso0000unse_b4d3 | url-access = registration }}