sesamoid bone

[[File:Sesamoid bones of the fingers.jpg|thumb|220px|Prevalence, structure, and locations of sesamoid bones of the hand.{{cite web|url=http://radsource.us/sesamoid-bones/|publisher=MRI Web Clinic |title=Sesamoid Bones: Normal and Abnormal|author=Erica Chu |author2=Donald Resnick |access-date=2017-11-04|date=June 2014}}{{cite journal| vauthors=Chen W, Cheng J, Sun R, Zhang Z, Zhu Y, Ipaktchi K |display-authors=etal | title=Prevalence and variation of sesamoid bones in the hand: a multi-center radiographic study. | journal=Int J Clin Exp Med | year= 2015 | volume= 8 | issue= 7 | pages= 11721–11726 | pmid=26380010 | pmc=4565393 }}

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Sesamoid bones can be found on joints throughout the human body, including:

• In the knee—the patella (within the quadriceps tendon). This is the largest sesamoid bone.
• In the hand—two sesamoid bones are commonly found in the distal portions of the first metacarpal bone (within the tendons of adductor pollicis and flexor pollicis brevis). There is also commonly a sesamoid bone in distal portions of the second metacarpal bone and fifth metacarpal bone.{{cite web|url=http://radsource.us/sesamoid-bones/|publisher=MRI Web Clinic |title=Sesamoid Bones: Normal and Abnormal|author=Erica Chu |author2=Donald Resnick |access-date=2017-11-04|date=June 2014}}
• In the wrist—The pisiform of the wrist is a sesamoid bone (within the tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris).{{cite book |first=Tim D. |last=White |title=Human Osteology |edition=2nd |location=San Diego |publisher=Academic Press |year=2000 |pages=199, 205 |isbn=978-0-12-746612-5 }} It begins to ossify in children ages 9–12.{{cite book |first=Kenneth S. |last=Saladin |title=Anatomy and Physiology |edition=6th |location=New York |publisher=McGraw Hill |year=2012 |page=263 |isbn=978-0-07-337825-1 }}
• In the foot—the first metatarsal bone usually has two sesamoid bones at its connection to the big toe (both within the tendon of flexor hallucis brevis).{{cite book |first=Tim D. |last=White |title=Human Osteology |edition=2nd |location=San Diego |publisher=Academic Press |year=2000 |pages=257–261 |isbn=978-0-12-746612-5 }} One is found on the lateral side of the first metatarsal while the other is found on the medial side. In some people, only a single sesamoid is found on the first metatarsal bone.

File:Accessory and sesamoid bones of the foot - dorsoplantar projection.jpg of the foot by dorsoplantar view, with most common accessory and sesamoid bones.Reference list for image is located at Commons:Template:Accessory and sesamoid bones of the foot - references.]]

• One or both of the sesamoid bones under the first metatarsophalangeal joint (of the great toe) can be multipartite – in two or three parts (mostly bipartite – in two parts).{{cite web|last1=Knipe|first1=Henry|title=Multipartite hallux sesamoid {{!}} Radiology Reference Article {{!}} Radiopaedia.org|url=https://radiopaedia.org/articles/multipartite-hallux-sesamoid|website=radiopaedia.org|language=en}}
• The fabella is a small sesamoid bone found in some mammals embedded in the tendon of the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle behind the lateral condyle of the femur. It is a variant of normal anatomy and present in humans in 10% to 30% of individuals. The fabella can also be mutipartite or bipartite.{{cite journal |title=Fabella |journal=Radiopaedia |last1=Luijkx |first1=Tim |last2=Knipe |first2=Henry |url=http://radiopaedia.org/articles/fabella |access-date=2015-09-18 }}
• The cyamella is a small sesamoid bone embedded in the tendon of the popliteus muscle. It is a variant of normal anatomy. It is rarely seen in humans, but has been described more often in other primates and certain other animals.{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1007/s00276-006-0134-8|title = Popliteus muscle sesamoid bone (Cyamella): Appearance on radiographs, CT and MRI|year = 2006|last1 = Akansel|first1 = Gur|last2 = Inan|first2 = Nagihan|last3 = Sarisoy|first3 = H. Tahsin|last4 = Anik|first4 = Yonca|last5 = Akansel|first5 = Sertaç|journal = Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy|volume = 28|issue = 6|pages = 642–645|pmid = 17066262|s2cid = 13339926}}

File:Accessory and sesamoid bones of the foot - lateral projection.jpg|Lateral view.

File:Pie metatarso-falanges.JPG|Bipartite medial sesamoid bone under the first metatarsophalangeal joint of the great toe of the left foot of an adult woman.

==Clinical significance==

• A common foot ailment in dancers is sesamoiditis (an inflammation of the sesamoid bones under the first metatarsophalangeal joint of the big toe). This is a form of tendinitis which results from the tendons surrounding the sesamoid becoming inflamed or irritated.
• Sesamoid bones generally have a very limited blood supply, rendering them prone to avascular necrosis (bone death from lack of blood supply), which is very difficult to treat.{{cite web|url=http://www.footankleinstitute.com/sesamoid-fracture/|title=bunion, hammer toe, nail fungus, hallux rigidus|work=footankleinstitute.com}}

{{see also|The Panda's Thumb (book)}}

In equine anatomy, the term sesamoid bone usually refers to the two sesamoid bones found at the back of the fetlock or metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints in both hindlimbs and forelimbs. Strictly these should be termed the proximal sesamoid bones whereas the navicular bone should be referred to as the distal sesamoid bone. The patella is also a form of sesamoid bone in the horse.

Although many carnivores have radial sesamoid bones,{{Cite journal|last1=Antón|first1=Mauricio|last2=Salesa|first2=Manuel J.|last3=Pastor|first3=Juan F.|last4=Peigné|first4=Stéphane|last5=Morales|first5=Jorge|date=2006-12-01|title=Implications of the functional anatomy of the hand and forearm of Ailurus fulgens (Carnivora, Ailuridae) for the evolution of the 'false-thumb' in pandas |journal=Journal of Anatomy|language=en|volume=209|issue=6|pages=757–764|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00649.x|pmid=17118063|issn=1469-7580|pmc=2049003}} the giant panda and red panda independently evolved to have an enlarged radial sesamoid bone.{{cite journal |first1=Manuel J. |last1=Salesa |first2=Mauricio |last2=Antón |first3=Stéphane |last3=Peigné |first4=Jorge |last4=Morales |title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas |year=2006 |journal=PNAS |volume=103 |issue=2 |pages=379–382 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102 |pmid=16387860 |pmc=1326154 |bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S |doi-access=free }} This evolution has caused the two species to diverge from other carnivores. The red panda likely originally evolved the "pseudo-thumb" in order to assist in arboreal locomotion. When the red panda later evolved to consume a bamboo diet, the enlarged bone underwent exaptation to assist in grasping bamboo.{{Cite journal|last1=Abella|first1=Juan|last2=Pérez-Ramos|first2=Alejandro|last3=Valenciano|first3=Alberto|last4=Alba|first4=David M.|last5=Ercoli|first5=Marcos D.|last6=Hontecillas|first6=Daniel|last7=Montoya|first7=Plinio|last8=Morales|first8=Jorge|date=2015-06-01|title=Tracing the origin of the panda's thumb |journal=The Science of Nature|language=en|volume=102|issue=5–6|page=35|doi=10.1007/s00114-015-1286-3|pmid=26036823|issn=0028-1042|bibcode=2015SciNa.102...35A|hdl=10261/123456|s2cid=16846874|hdl-access=free}}{{Cite journal|last1=Endo|first1=Hideki|last2=Sasaki|first2=Motoki|last3=Kogiku|first3=Hiroyuki|last4=Yamamoto|first4=Masako|last5=Arishima|first5=Kazuyoshi|title=Radial sesamoid bone as a part of the manipulation system in the lesser panda (Ailurus fulgens) |journal=Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger|volume=183|issue=2|pages=181–184|doi=10.1016/s0940-9602(01)80045-5|pmid=11325067|year=2001}} The giant panda, however, evolved the enlarged radial sesamoid bone around the same time as it evolved a bamboo diet. In the giant panda, the bone allows for a pincer-like motion and is used in grasping the bamboo.{{Cite journal|last1=Endo|first1=Hideki|last2=Sasaki|first2=Motoki|last3=Hayashi|first3=Yoshihiro|last4=Koie|first4=Hiroshi|last5=Yamaya|first5=Yoshiki|last6=Kimura|first6=Junpei|date=2001-02-01|title=Carpal bone movements in gripping action of the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)|journal=Journal of Anatomy|language=en|volume=198|issue=2|pages=243–246|doi=10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19820243.x|pmid=11273049|issn=1469-7580|pmc=1468214}}{{Cite journal|last1=Endo|first1=Hideki|last2=Yamagiwa|first2=Daishiro|last3=Hayashi|first3=Yoshihiro|last4=Koie|first4=Hiroshi|last5=Yamaya|first5=Yoshiki|last6=Kimura|first6=Junpei|date=1999-01-28|title=Role of the giant panda's 'pseudo-thumb'|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=397|issue=6717|pages=309–310|doi=10.1038/16830|pmid=9950422|issn=1476-4687|bibcode=1999Natur.397..309E|s2cid=4302142}} In these two panda species, DYNC2H1 gene and PCNT gene have been identified as possible causes for the pseudo-thumb development.{{Cite journal|last1=Hu|first1=Yibo|last2=Wu|first2=Qi|last3=Ma|first3=Shuai|last4=Ma|first4=Tianxiao|last5=Shan|first5=Lei|last6=Wang|first6=Xiao|last7=Nie|first7=Yonggang|last8=Ning|first8=Zemin|last9=Yan|first9=Li|date=2017-01-31|title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=114|issue=5|pages=1081–1086|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114|issn=0027-8424|pmid=28096377|pmc=5293045|doi-access=free|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H }}

Recently, the enlarged radial sesamoid bone of cotton rats has been studied.{{Cite journal|last1=Abella|first1=Juan|last2=Ruiz-Sánchez|first2=Francisco J.|last3=Valenciano|first3=Alberto|last4=Hontecillas|first4=Daniel|last5=Pérez-Ramos|first5=Alejandro|last6=Vera|first6=Douglas|last7=Santana-Cabrera|first7=Jonathan A.|last8=Cornejo|first8=María H.|last9=Montoya|first9=Plinio|date=2016-09-01|title=When Cotton Rats Grasp Like Pandas|journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution|language=en|volume=23|issue=3|pages=309–317|doi=10.1007/s10914-015-9314-9|issn=1064-7554|hdl=10261/145693|s2cid=17239724}} Their enlarged radial sesamoid bone and that of the giant panda have a similar morphology and size relative to the rest of the hand. The reason for this evolutionary change is still unknown; however, it may be to assist in grasping small objects and thin branches.

Elephants have similarly enlarged sesamoid bones in both their forelimbs and hindlimbs, referred to as the prepollex and prehallux, respectively. These sesamoids function as "sixth toes", helping to distribute the animals' weight. In contrast to other sesamoids in elephants, which ossify at three to seven years of age, the ossification of the prepollex and prehallux is delayed and is known to not have yet occurred in animals in excess of 20 years of age. The prehallux is further divided into two elements; the more proximal of these is fixed, whilst the more distal is mobile. Evidence of these "predigits" has also been found in certain fossil proboscideans.{{Cite journal |last1=Hutchinson |first1=John R. |last2=Delmer |first2=Cyrille |last3=Miller |first3=Charlotte E. |last4=Hildebrandt |first4=Thomas |last5=Pitsillides |first5=Andrew A. |last6=Boyde |first6=Alan |date=2011-12-23 |title=From Flat Foot to Fat Foot: Structure, Ontogeny, Function, and Evolution of Elephant 'Sixth Toes' |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1211437 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=334 |issue=6063 |pages=1699–1703 |doi=10.1126/science.1211437 |pmid=22194576 |bibcode=2011Sci...334R1699H |s2cid=206536505 |issn=0036-8075}}

The forepaws of moles also possess a prepollex consisting of an enlarged, sickle-shaped sesamoid.

• {{annotated link|Accessory bone}}

{{Reflist}}

• [http://www.bartleby.com/107/67.html Gray's Anatomy (1918)] (Bartleby)

• {{Commons category-inline|Sesamoid bone}}

{{Bone and cartilage}}{{Tetrapod osteology}}{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sesamoid Bone}}

Category:Skeletal system

Category:Horse anatomy