seth

According to the Book of Genesis, Seth was born when Adam was 130 years old (according to the Masoretic Text),{{bibleverse||Genesis|5:3|HE}} or 230 years old (according to the Septuagint),Larsson, Gerhard, [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3261014 "The Chronology of the Pentateuch: A Comparison of the MT and LXX"], Journal of Biblical Literature, vol. 102, no. 3, 1983, p. 402 "a son in his likeness and image". The genealogy repeated at {{bibleverse|1|Chronicles|1:1–3|HE}}. {{bibleverse||Genesis|5:4–5|HE}} states that Adam fathered "sons and daughters" before his death, aged 930 years. According to Genesis, Seth died at the age of 912 (that is, 14 years before Noah's birth).{{bibleverse||Genesis|5:8|HE}}

Seth figures in the biblical texts of the Life of Adam and Eve (the Apocalypse of Moses). It recounts the lives of Adam and Eve from after their expulsion from the Garden of Eden to their deaths. While the surviving versions were composed from the early third to the fifth century,{{cite book|first=M.D. |last=Johnson |chapter=Life of Adam and Eve, a new translation and introduction |editor1-first=J.H. |editor1-last=Charlesworth |title=the Old Testament Pseudepigrapha |volume= 2 |isbn=0-385-18813-7 |year=1985}}{{rp|252}} the literary units in the work are considered to be older and predominantly of Jewish origin.{{cite book |first=H.F.D. |last=Sparks |title=The Apocryphal Old Testament |isbn=0-19-826177-2 |year=1984 |page=143|publisher=Clarendon Press }} There is wide agreement that the original was composed in a Semitic language{{rp|251}} in the first century AD/CE.{{rp|252}} In the Greek versions, Seth and Eve travel to the doors of the Garden to beg for some oil of the Tree of Mercy (i.e. the Tree of Life). On the way, Seth is attacked and bitten by a wild beast, which goes away when ordered by Seth. Michael refuses to give them the oil at that time, but promises to give it at the end of time, when all flesh will be raised up, the delights of paradise will be given to the holy people and God will be in their midst. On their return, Adam says to Eve: "What hast thou done? Thou hast brought upon us great wrath which is death." (chapters 5–14) Later, only Seth can witness the taking-up of Adam at his funeral in a divine chariot, which deposits him in the Garden of Eden.{{Cite book |last=Quinn |first=Esther |title=The Quest of Seth for the Oil of Life |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1962 |isbn=978-0226700878}}

Genesis refers to Seth as the ancestor of Noah and hence the father of all mankind, all other humans having perished in the Great Flood. It is said{{by whom|date=April 2024}} that late in life, Adam gave Seth secret teachings that would become the Kabbalah.{{citation needed|date=June 2018}} The Zohar refers to Seth as "ancestor of all the generations of the Egyptians or Tsetsaudim" (Hebrew: righteous ones).Zohar 1:36b According to Seder Olam Rabbah, based on Jewish reckoning, he was born in 2130 BC AM. According to Aggadah, he had 2 sons and many wives. According to the Seder Olam Rabbah, he died in 1042 AM.

In the Antiquities of the Jews, Josephus refers to Seth as virtuous and of excellent character,Flavius Josephus, [https://www.crcnh.org/downloads/history-reference/josephus/The-Antiquities-of-The-Jews.pdf Antiquities of the Jews], chapter 2, section 3, accessed 2 September 2020 and reports that his descendants invented the wisdom of the heavenly bodies, and built the "pillars of the sons of Seth", two pillars inscribed with many scientific discoveries and inventions, notably in astronomy. They were built by Seth's descendants based on Adam's prediction that the world would be destroyed at one time by fire and another time by global flood, in order to protect the discoveries and be remembered after the destruction. One was composed of brick, and the other of stone, so that if the pillar of brick should be destroyed, the pillar of stone would remain, both reporting the ancient discoveries, and informing humankind that a pillar of brick was also erected. Josephus reports that the pillar of stone remained in the land of Siriad in his day.

William Whiston, a 17/18th-century translator of the Antiquities, stated in a footnote that he believed Josephus mistook Seth for Sesostris, king of Egypt, the erector of the pillar in Siriad (being a contemporary name for the territories in which Sirius was venerated, i.e. Egypt). He stated that there was no way for any pillars of Seth to survive the deluge, because the deluge buried all such pillars and edifices far underground in the sediment of its waters. The perennialist writer Nigel Jackson identifies the land of Siriad in Josephus' account with Syria, citing related Mandaean legends regarding the "Oriental Land of Shyr" in connection with the visionary mytho-geography of the prophetic traditions surrounding Seth."On the Prophethood of Seth in the Abrahamic Traditions", Sacred Web volume 25, Summer 2010

The second-century BC Book of Jubilees, regarded as noncanonical except in the Oriental Orthodox Churches, also dates his birth to 130 AM.The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament, R.H. Charles, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1913. [http://wesley.nnu.edu/biblical_studies/noncanon/ot/pseudo/jubilee.htm Book of Jubilees] 4:7–13. {{ISBN|978-0-9747623-7-1}}. According to it, in 231 AM Seth married his sister, Azura, who was four years younger than he was. In the year 235 AM, Azura gave birth to Enos.

Seth is commemorated as one of the Holy Forefathers in the Calendar of Saints of the Armenian Apostolic Church, along with Adam, Abel, and others, with a feast day on July 26. He is also included in the Genealogy of Jesus, according to Luke 3:23–38.{{bibleverse||Luke|3:23–38|NIV}}

The Sethians were a Christian Gnostic sect who may date their existence to before Christianity.Turner [http://jdt.unl.edu/lithist.html Sethian Gnosticism:] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20121211123653/http://jdt.unl.edu/lithist.html |date=2012-12-11 }} Their thinking, although predominantly Judaic in foundation, was arguably strongly influenced by Platonism. Sethians were named for their veneration of Seth, depicted in their creation myths as a divine incarnation; consequently, the offspring or 'posterity' of Seth are held to comprise a superior elect within human society.

{{Infobox person

| name = Seth (Sheeth)

| image = Prophet Seth.jpg

| caption = Arabic calligraphy, meaning "Prophet of Allah, Seth, peace be upon him."

| children = Anwas (Enos)

| predecessor = Adam

| successor = Noah

}}

The Quran makes no mention of Šīṯ ibn Ādam. He is respected within Islamic traditions as the third and righteous son of Adam and Eve and seen as the gift bestowed on Adam after the death of Abel. The Sunni scholar and historian ibn Kathir in his tarikh (book of history), Al-Bidāya wa-n-nihāya ({{lang|ar|البداية والنهاية}}),[http://www.australianislamiclibrary.org/al-bidaya-wan-nahaya.html Australian Islamic Library] records that Seth, a prophet like his father Adam, transfers God's Law to mankind after the death of Adam,Stories of the Prophets, Ibn Kathir, Story of Adam and Seth and places him among the exalted antediluvian patriarchs of the Generations of Adam. Some sources say that Seth was the receiver of scriptures.Encyclopedia of Islam, Shith, Online Web. These scriptures are said to be the "first scriptures" mentioned in the Quran 87:18. Medieval historian and exegete al-Tabari and other scholars say that Seth buried Adam and the secret texts in the tomb of Adam, i.e., the "Cave of Treasures".

Islamic literature holds that Seth was born when Adam was past 100 and that Adam appointed Seth as guide to his people. The 11th-century Syrian historian and translator Al-Mubashshir ibn Fātik recorded the maxims and aphorisms of the ancient philosophers in his book Kitāb mukhtār al-ḥikam wa-maḥāsin al-kalim{{cite web|url=http://waqfeya.com/book.php?bid=6216|title=مختار الحكم ومحاسن الكلم – المكتبة الوقفية للكتب المصورة PDF}} and included a chapter on Seth. Within Islamic tradition Seth holds wisdom of several kinds; knowledge of time, prophecy of the future Great Flood, and inspiration on the methods of night prayer. Islam, Judaism and Christianity trace the genealogy of mankind back to Seth since Abel left no heirs and Cain's heirs, according to tradition, were destroyed by the Great Flood.Tabari, History of the Prophets and Kings, Vol. I: Creation to the Flood Many traditional Islamic craftsSacred Art in the East and West, Titus Burckhardt, Suhail Academy Publishing, 1967, pg. 151: "Thus it is that the craft traditions, such as persisted in Islamic countries to the very threshold of our times, are generally said to have come down from certain pre-Islamic prophets, particularly from Seth, the third son of Adam." are traced back to Seth, such as the making of horn combs.Islam and The Destiny of Man, Gai Eaton, Islamic Texts Society, 1994, pgs. 211–212: (on the traditional making of horn combs) "This craft can be traced back from apprentice to master until one reaches... Seth... It was he who first taught men and what a prophet brings – and Seth was a prophet – must clearly have a special purpose, both outwardly and inwardly". Seth also plays a role in Sufism, and Ibn Arabi includes a chapter in his Bezels of Wisdom on Seth, entitled "The Wisdom of Expiration in the Word of Seth".{{cite web|url=https://www.questia.com/read/102546816/the-bezels-of-wisdom|title=The Bezels of Wisdom – 1980, p. 60 by Ibn al-Arabi.|access-date=2017-09-11|archive-date=2017-07-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708183202/https://www.questia.com/read/102546816/the-bezels-of-wisdom|url-status=dead}}

Some traditions locate Seth's tomb in the village of Al-Nabi Shayth ({{abbr|lit.|literally}} "The Prophet Seth") in the mountains above the Beqaa Valley in Lebanon, where there is a mosque named after him. This tomb was described by the 12th-century geographer Ibn Jubayr. A rival tradition, mentioned by later medieval Arab geographers from the 13th century on, placed the tomb of Nabi Shith ("Prophet Seth") in the Palestinian village of Bashshit, southwest of Ramla village. According to the Palestine Exploration Fund, Bashshit means Beit Shith, i.e. "House of Seth".Palestine Exploration Fund (PEF), 1838, [https://books.google.com/books?id=H6A_AAAAYAAJ&pg=PT91 p. 84]. The village was depopulated with the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, but the three-domed structure said to be Seth's tomb survives in the Israeli moshav Aseret built on the site. Another tomb in the city of Balkh, Afghanistan has been identified as the burial site of Seth sheth

Local Muslims in Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh in India believe a {{convert|12|ft|m|adj=mid|-long}} grave in Hazrat Shees Jinnati Mosque to be the maqam of Hazrat Shees or the Prophet Seth.{{cite web |title=Muslim Ayodhya: city of mosques, mazars and graves |url=http://twocircles.net/2009feb06/muslim_ayodhya_city_mosques_mazars_and_graves.html |website=Two Circles |author=Mumtaz Alam Falahi |at=Paragraph:5: Grave of Hazrat Shees pbuh|date=6 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719233307/http://twocircles.net/2009feb06/muslim_ayodhya_city_mosques_mazars_and_graves.html |archive-date=19 July 2018}} This belief is mentioned in a 16th-century Mughal document Ain-i-Akbari{{Cite news |last=Salam |first=Ziya Us |date=2023-01-25 |title=Ayodhya, a city of paramount belief, steeped in folklore, mythology and faith |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/ayodhya-a-city-of-paramount-belief-steeped-in-folklore-mythology-and-faith/article66429564.ece |access-date=2024-12-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}{{Cite book |last=Noorani |first=A.G. |title=The Babri Masjid Question, 1528-2003 'A Matter of National Honour' |publisher=Tulika Books |isbn=9789382381457 |volume=1 |pages=41}} and is also mentioned in the work India of Aurangzeb of Jadunath Sarkar.{{Cite book |last=Noorani |first=A.G. |title=The Babri Masjid Question, 1528-2003 'A Matter of National Honour' |publisher=Tulika Books |isbn=9789382381457 |volume=1 |pages=42}}

{{main|Shitil}}

According to the Mandaean scriptures, including the Qulasta, the Mandaean Book of John and Genzā Rabbā, Seth is cognate with the angelic soteriological figure Shitil{{Cite book|isbn=1931956499|title=The Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran|date=1932 |author=Drower, E.S. |publisher=Gorgias Press.com}} ({{langx|myz|ࡔࡉࡕࡉࡋ|translit=Šitil}}), a son of Adam Kadmaya who taught John the Baptist with his brothers Anush (Enosh) and Hibil (Abel).{{cite web| url = http://rogueleaf.com/book-of-john/2012/07/09/76-anush-uthra-and-christ/| title = The Mandaic Book of John| access-date = 2018-07-19| archive-date = 2019-02-02| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190202191935/http://rogueleaf.com/book-of-john/2012/07/09/76-anush-uthra-and-christ/| url-status = dead}} He is variously spoken of as a son of Adam,{{cite book |section=Book One, 1st Glorification: The Return of Shitil, son of Adam to the World of Light |pages=1–9 |title=Ginza Rabba |volume=Left Volume |translator1-last=Al-Saadi |translator1-first=Qais |translator2-last=Al-Saadi |translator2-first=Hamed |edition=2nd |place=Germany |year=2019 |publisher=Drabsha}} a brother{{cite book |section=Book Five: The Descent of the Savior |pages=70–83 |title=Ginza Rabba |volume=Right Volume |translator1-last=Al-Saadi |translator1-first=Qais |translator2-last=Al-Saadi |translator2-first=Hamed |edition=2nd |place=Germany |year=2019 |publisher=Drabsha}} or son{{cite book |section=Book Twelve: The Second Illumination |pages=130–135 |title=Ginza Rabba |volume=Right Volume |translator1-last=Al-Saadi |translator1-first=Qais |translator2-last=Al-Saadi |translator2-first=Hamed |edition=2nd |place=Germany |year=2019 |publisher=Drabsha}} [Note: this is book 10 in some other editions.] of Hibil, and the brother or father of Anush. Shitil is one of the revealers of Mandaeism and a prophet, identified as the biblical Seth.{{cite web|author=Brikhah S. Nasoraia|title=Sacred Text and Esoteric Praxis in Sabian Mandaean Religion|year=2012|url=http://isamveri.org/pdfdrg/D201813/2012_I/2012_I_NASORAIAB.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201004340/http://isamveri.org/pdfdrg/D201813/2012_I/2012_I_NASORAIAB.pdf |archive-date=2022-02-01 |url-status=live}}{{rp|45}}{{Cite book|last=Drower|first=E. S. (Ethel Stefana)|url=https://archive.org/details/MN41560ucmf_1|title=The Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran [microform]; their cults, customs, magic, legends, and folklore|date=1937|publisher=Oxford : The Clarendon press|others=Internet Archive}}

{{main|Shehid ibn Jerr}}

In Yazidism, Seth is known as Shehid ibn Jerr.

According to Yazidi oral literature, Adam and Eve each deposited their seeds into separate jars. While Eve's seed developed into insects, Adam's seed gave birth to Shehid ibn Jerr, the ancestor of the Yazidis. Yazidis thus believe that they have been created separately and differently from all other human beings (Kreyenbroek 2005: 31).{{cite book | last=Kreyenbroek | first=Philip | author-link=Philip G. Kreyenbroek | title=God and Sheikh Adi are perfect: sacred poems and religious narratives from the Yezidi tradition | publisher=Harrassowitz | publication-place=Wiesbaden | year=2005 | isbn=978-3-447-05300-6 | oclc=63127403}}

On July 26, 2014, forces of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) blew up Nabi Shiyt (Prophet Seth) shrine in Mosul, Iraq. Sami al-Massoudi, the deputy head of the Shiite Endowment Office overseeing holy sites, confirmed that destruction. He added, ISIL took some of the artifacts to an unknown location.{{cite news |title=ISIS destroys Prophet Sheth shrine in Mosul |url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2014/07/26/ISIS-destroy-Prophet-Sheth-shrine-in-Mosul-.html |publisher=Al Arabiya News |date=26 July 2014}}

File:Seth Prophet Shrine in Seth Prophet Town02.JPG in the Levant]]

There is a village named after him in Lebanon, that is Al-Nabi Shayth or Al-Nabi Sheeth (meaning "The Prophet Seth"), which is also considered to contain his shrine.{{cite book |title=Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500 |url=https://archive.org/details/palestineundermo00lestuoft |author=Le Strange, G. |author-link=Guy Le Strange |publisher=Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund |location=London |year=1890 |page=[https://archive.org/stream/palestineundermo00lestuoft#page/422/mode/1up 422] |oclc=1004386 }}{{cite book |last1=Robinson |first1=E. |author1-link=Edward Robinson (scholar) |last2=Smith |first2=E. |author2-link=Eli Smith |year=1841 |url=https://archive.org/details/biblicalresearch03robiuoft |title=Biblical researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea : a journal of travels in the year 1838 |location=Boston, the U.S.A. |publisher=Crocker & Brewster |page=[https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearch03robiuoft#page/145/mode/1up 145] |volume=3 (2nd appendix)}}

File:Bashshit.jpg, modern-day Israel]]

The tomb of Bashshit is believed to be the grave of Seth.Conder, The Moslem Mukans, 1877, p. [https://archive.org/stream/quarterlystateme09pale#page/n102/mode/1up 93] The tomb now sits in Aseret.

{{portal|Saints|Christianity|Islam|Judaism}}

• Set (deity) or Seth, an Egyptian deity
• Seth (disambiguation)
• Suteans

{{Commons category|Seth (Bible)}}

{{reflist}}

• A. F. J. Klijn, Seth in Jewish, Christian and Gnostic Literature. Supplements to Novum Testamentum 46. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1977.

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Category:Ancestors of the Ishmaelites

Category:Bereshit (parashah)

Category:Christian saints from the Old Testament

Category:Children of Adam and Eve

Category:Book of Jubilees

Category:Uthras