shinju-kyo
{{Short description|Ancient type of Japanese bronze mirror}}
{{Italic title|reason=:Category:Japanese words and phrases}}
File:Bronze Mirror in Ancient Japan.jpg]]
A {{nihongo|Shinjū-kyō|神獣鏡||"deity and beast mirror"}} is an ancient type of Japanese round bronze mirror decorated with images of gods and animals from Chinese mythology. The obverse side has a polished mirror and the reverse has relief representations of legendary Chinese shén ({{lang|zh|神}} "spirit; god"), xiān ({{lang|zh|仙}} "transcendent; immortal"), and legendary creatures.
History
The {{Transliteration|ja|shinjū-kyō}} style of bronze mirror originated from the Chinese magic mirrors and was frequently produced during the Han dynasty, Three Kingdoms, and Six Dynasties (1st–6th centuries CE). With the spread of Chinese bronze casting technology, {{Transliteration|ja|shinjūkyō}} were also produced in Japan and the Lelang Commandery and Daifang Commandery in the Korean peninsula. The {{circa|297}} {{Transliteration|zh|Wei zhi}} ({{lang|zh|魏志}} "Records of Wei"), which is part of the Records of the Three Kingdoms ({{lang|zh|三國志}}), has the first historical reference to bronze mirrors in Japan. It chronicles tributary relations between Queen Himiko of Wa and the Wei court, and records that in 239, Emperor Cao Rui sent presents to Himiko, including "one hundred bronze mirrors".{{sfnp|Goodrich|1951|p=15}}
Variations
Archeological excavations of Japanese tombs from the Kofun period (3rd–7th centuries) have revealed numerous {{Transliteration|ja|shinjūkyō}}, and Japanese archeologists divide them into subtypes including:
- {{nihongo|sankakuen-shinjūkyō|三角縁神獣鏡||"triangular-rimmed deity and beast mirror"}}
- {{nihongo|gamontai-shinjūkyō|画文帯神獣鏡||"wide image-band deity and beast mirror"}}
- {{nihongo|hirabuchi-shinjūkyō|平縁神獣鏡||"flat-rimmed deity and beast mirror"}}
Kurotsuka kofun tomb excavated in Nara Prefecture contained 33 {{Transliteration|ja|sankakuen-shinjūkyō}} bronze mirrors. Some scholars{{sfnp|Edwards|1998}}{{sfnp|Edwards|1999}}{{sfnp|Nishikawa|1999}} believe they are the original mirrors that Emperor Cao Rui presented to Queen Himiko, but others disagree.
See also
References
{{reflist|20em}}
Bibliography
{{refbegin}}
- {{cite journal |last=Edwards |first=Walter |year=1998 |url=http://www.archaeology.org/9805/newsbriefs/japan.html |title= Mirrors to Japanese History |journal=Archaeology |volume=51 |issue=3}}
- {{cite journal |last=Edwards |first=Walter |year=1999 |title=Mirrors on Ancient Yamato: The Kurozuka Kofun Discovery and the Question of Yamatai |journal=Monumenta Nipponica |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=75–110|doi=10.2307/2668274 |jstor=2668274 }}
- {{cite journal |last=Nishikawa |first=Toshikatsu |year=1999 |url=http://wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp/jaa2/journal/con8abs.html |title=Sankakubuchi shinjukyo (Triangular-rimmed mirrors) and the Mirrors Presented to Himiko |journal=Nihon Kōgaku |volume=8 |pages=87–99|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110131181906/http://wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp/jaa2/journal/con8abs.html |archive-date=2011-01-31 }}
- {{cite book |editor1-last=Goodrich |editor1-first=Carrington C. |translator-last=Tsunoda |translator-first=Ryūsaku |translator-link=Ryūsaku Tsunoda |year=1951 |title=Japan in the Chinese Dynastic Histories: Later Han Through Ming Dynasties |location=South Pasadena, California |publisher=P. D. and Ione Perkins}}
{{refend}}
External links
- {{in lang|ja}} [http://www.city.kobe.jp/cityoffice/57/maizoubunkazaic/relics/art/details/55.html 7号鏡 神人龍虎画像鏡] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071112221802/http://www.city.kobe.jp/cityoffice/57/maizoubunkazaic/relics/art/details/55.html |date=2007-11-12 }}, Shinjūkyō picturing a transcendent, dragon, and tiger, Kobe Archeology Center (click image for navigation)
- {{in lang|ja}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20020318155013/http://www.museum.kyoto-u.ac.jp/museumF/news/past/no5/kodai.html 三角縁神獣鏡], Sankakuen- shinjūkyō from the Yoshinogari site, Kyoto University Museum