shrinking generator
{{Short description|Form of pseudorandom number generator}}
In cryptography, the shrinking generator is a form of pseudorandom number generator intended to be used in a stream cipher. It was published in Crypto 1993 by Don Coppersmith, Hugo Krawczyk and Yishay Mansour.D. Coppersmith, H. Krawczyk, and Y. Mansour, “[https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/3-540-48329-2_3 The shrinking generator],” in CRYPTO ’93: Proceedings of the 13th annual international cryptology conference on Advances in cryptology, (New York, NY, USA), pp. 22–39, Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., 1994
The shrinking generator uses two linear-feedback shift registers. One, called the {{var|A}} sequence, generates output bits, while the other, called the {{var|S}} sequence, controls their output. Both {{var|A}} and {{var|S}} are clocked; if the {{var|S}} bit is 1, then the {{var|A}} bit is output; if the {{var|S}} bit is 0, the {{var|A}} bit is discarded, nothing is output, and the registers are clocked again. This has the disadvantage that the generator's output rate varies irregularly, and in a way that hints at the state of S; this problem can be overcome by buffering the output. The random sequence generated by LFSR can not guarantee the unpredictability in secure system and various methods have been proposed to improve its randomness Poorghanad, A. et al. [https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/4724668 Generating High Quality Pseudo Random Number Using Evolutionary methods] IEEE, DOI: 10.1109/CIS.2008.220.
Despite this simplicity, there are currently no known attacks better than exhaustive search when the feedback polynomials are secret. If the feedback polynomials are known, however, the best known attack requires less than {{var|A}} • {{var|S}} bits of output.Caballero-Gil, P. et al. [https://arxiv.org/abs/1005.0087 New Attack Strategy for the Shrinking Generator] Journal of Research and Practice in Information Technology, Vol. 1, pages 331–335, Dec 2008.
A variant is the self-shrinking generator.
An implementation in Python
This example uses two Galois LFRSs to produce the output pseudorandom bitstream. The Python code can be used to encrypt and decrypt a file or any bytestream.
- !/usr/bin/env python3
import sys
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Crypto4o functions start here
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
class GLFSR:
"""Galois linear-feedback shift register."""
def __init__(self, polynom, initial_value):
print "Using polynom 0x%X, initial value: 0x%X." % (polynom, initial_value)
self.polynom = polynom | 1
self.data = initial_value
tmp = polynom
self.mask = 1
while tmp != 0:
if tmp & self.mask != 0:
tmp ^= self.mask
if tmp == 0:
break
self.mask <<= 1
def next_state(self):
self.data <<= 1
retval = 0
if self.data & self.mask != 0:
retval = 1
self.data ^= self.polynom
return retval
class SPRNG:
def __init__(self, polynom_d, init_value_d, polynom_c, init_value_c):
print "GLFSR D0: ",
self.glfsr_d = GLFSR(polynom_d, init_value_d)
print "GLFSR C0: ",
self.glfsr_c = GLFSR(polynom_c, init_value_c)
def next_byte(self):
byte = 0
bitpos = 7
while True:
bit_d = self.glfsr_d.next_state()
bit_c = self.glfsr_c.next_state()
if bit_c != 0:
bit_r = bit_d
byte |= bit_r << bitpos
bitpos -= 1
if bitpos < 0:
break
return byte
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Crypto4o functions end here
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
def main():
prng = SPRNG(
int(sys.argv[3], 16),
int(sys.argv[4], 16),
int(sys.argv[5], 16),
int(sys.argv[6], 16),
)
with open(sys.argv[1], "rb") as f, open(sys.argv[2], "wb") as g:
while True:
input_ch = f.read(1)
if input_ch == "":
break
random_ch = prng.next_byte() & 0xFF
g.write(chr(ord(input_ch) ^ random_ch))
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
See also
- FISH, an (insecure) stream cipher based on the shrinking generator principle
- Alternating step generator, a similar stream cipher
References
{{reflist}}
{{Cryptography stream}}
Category:Articles with example Python (programming language) code