shutter lag
{{Short description|Delay when taking photos in photography}}
In photography, shutter lag is the delay between triggering the shutter and when the photograph is actually recorded, which includes all lag between when the shutter button is pressed and when the photo is taken, including metering and focus lag. it can be mitigated to an extent by pre-focusing and readying for action.{{Cite book |last=Hirsch |first=Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BVNPDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT204 |title=Light and Lens: Photography in the Digital Age |date=2018-03-05 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-317-37170-0 |language=en}}
Film cameras
In film cameras, the delay is caused by the mechanism inside the camera that opens the shutter, exposing the film. Because the process is mechanical, however, and relatively brief, shutter lag in film cameras is often only noticeable (and of any concern) to professionals. SLRs have a slight additional lag due to the time it takes to move the mirror out of the way.{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Patrick |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4bsYEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA60 |title=Practical Forensic Digital Imaging: Applications and Techniques |date=2011-02-10 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-040-08161-7 |language=en}}
Digital cameras
Shutter lag is much more of a problem with digital cameras, although higher cost models tend to have less lag.{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Patrick |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4bsYEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA60 |title=Practical Forensic Digital Imaging: Applications and Techniques |date=2011-02-10 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-040-08161-7 |language=en}}
The comet-tail artifact that early CCD sensors suffered from was significantly reduced by the invention of the pinned photodiode (PPD).{{cite journal |last1=Fossum |first1=Eric R. |author1-link=Eric Fossum |last2=Hondongwa |first2=D. B. |title=A Review of the Pinned Photodiode for CCD and CMOS Image Sensors |journal=IEEE Journal of the Electron Devices Society |date=2014 |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=33–43 |doi=10.1109/JEDS.2014.2306412 |doi-access=free }} It was invented by Nobukazu Teranishi, Hiromitsu Shiraki and Yasuo Ishihara at NEC in 1980.{{US patent|4484210|U.S. Patent 4,484,210: Solid-state imaging device having a reduced image lag}} The "pinned photodiode" is a photodetector structure used in almost all charge-coupled device (CCD) and CMOS image sensors (CIS) due to its low noise, high quantum efficiency and low dark current. In 1987, the PPD began to be incorporated into most CCD devices, becoming a fixture in consumer electronic video cameras and then digital still cameras. The PPD has since been used in most CCD sensors and then CMOS sensors.
Improvements in technology, such as the speed, bandwidth and power consumption of processor chips and memory, as well as CCD technology and then CMOS sensors, have made shutter lag less of a problem. While digital SLRs have achieved lag times around 50 ms by the late 2000s, some EVILs take half as long in the 2010s. That said, the lag times of some exceptional historic devices are still unsurpassed, see table below.
Examples of various shutter lag times
Note that cameras offer increasingly varied choices of fully mechanical shutter, first-curtain electronic shutter (EFCS; meaning a mechanical shutter only at the end of the exposure), or fully electronic (thus silent) shutter. This is paired with either autofocus, fully manual focus, or prefocus (half-pressing the shutter button to engage autofocus and lock exposure; then holding the button half-pressed until the decisive picture-taking moment, in which the button is depressed completely). Typically, prefocus + EFCS results in the shortest shutter lag (see the following individual sources with measurements for all available modi).
This table quotes the shortest possible lag time of the respective camera. Note that variations may occur between manufacturer-claimed times and real-world measurements. In the case of follow-up versions of cameras (Mark II, -N, -s, ...), it is usually save to assume identical performance unless explicitly stated otherwise in press releases or comparisons.
References
External links
- [http://www.cameras.co.uk/html/shutter-lag-comparisons.cfm Shutter lag comparison chart for digital P&S]
- [http://www.imaging-resource.com/camera-reviews Imaging Resource camera reviews often with measured shutter lag times]
- [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/10/technology/10basics.html?_r=1&oref=slogin NY Times article on shutter lag]
- [http://www.kenrockwell.com/tech/shutter-lag.htm Photographer's Article on Shutter Lag]
- [http://mypellau.com/pellaumag/what-is-zsd-on-your-mobile-camera/ What is Zero Shutter Delay (ZSD) on your mobile camera]