sideburns
{{short description|Patches of facial hair grown on the sides of the face}}
{{about|the type of facial hair|the film|Sideburns (film)}}
{{Redirect|Mutton chop|the cut of meat|Mutton chop (meat)|the American football player nicknamed "Mutton Chop"|Terrance Knighton}}{{Redirect|Sideboards|the furniture|Sideboard}}
File:Portrait of mathabar singh thapa.jpg, shown with sideburns of the style worn by Hindu Kshatriya military commanders in the Indian subcontinent.]]
Sideburns, sideboards,{{cite web|url=http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/sideboard?view=uk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926221358/http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/sideboard?view=uk|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 26, 2007|title=AskOxford|access-date=2007-06-27}} or side whiskers are facial hair grown on the sides of the face, extending from the hairline to run parallel to or beyond the ears. The term sideburns is a 19th-century corruption of the original burnsides, named after American Civil War general Ambrose Burnside,{{cite book|last=Goolrick|first=William K.|title=Rebels Resurgent: Fredericksburg to Chancellorsville|pages=29}} a man known for his unusual facial hairstyle that connected thick sideburns by way of a moustache, but left the chin clean-shaven.
Variations
{{multiple image
|align =
|direction =
|width =
|caption_align = center
|header_align = center
|header = Variations
|image1 = Kaiser Wilhelm I. .JPG
|width1 = 150
|alt1 = Kaiser Wilhelm I
|caption1 = Wilhelm I, German Emperor, sported large sideburns; this style was often referred to as "side whiskers"
|image2 = Ambrose Burnside2.jpg
|width2 = 157
|alt2 = Ambrose Burnside
|caption2 = U.S. General Ambrose Burnside, after whom sideburns are named.
}}
{{multiple image
|align =
|direction =
|width =
|caption_align = center
|header_align = center
|header = Other 19th century examples
|image1 = Werner von Siemens (1816-1892), ca. 1850.jpg
|width1 = 150
|alt1 = Werner von Siemens
|caption1 = German inventor Werner von Siemens (1816–1892)
|image2 = დავით ჩუბინაშვილი.jpg
|width2 = 165
|alt2 = David Chubinashvili
|caption2 = Georgian lexicographer David Chubinashvili with "mutton-chops"
|image3 = JV Snellman.jpg
|width3 = 165
|alt3 = J. V. Snellman
|caption3 = Relatively short sideburns on J. V. Snellman (1806–1881), a Finnish philosopher and statesman
}}
{{multiple image
| align =
| direction =
| width =
| caption_align = center
| header_align = center
| header = 20th century examples
| image1 = Elvis Presley Publicity Photo for The Trouble with Girls 1968.jpg
| width1 = 150
| alt1 = Elvis Presley
| caption1 = Elvis Presley
| image2 = Neil Young-early promo.jpg
| width2 = 150
| alt2 = Neil Young
| caption2 = Neil Young
| image3 = Lemmy-02.jpg
| width3 = 150
| alt3 = Lemmy
| caption3 = Lemmy
}}
Sideburns can be worn and grown in combination with other styles of facial hair, such as the moustache or goatee, but once they extend from ear to ear via the chin they cease to be sideburns and become a beard, chinstrap beard, or chin curtain.
Indigenous men of Colombia and Mexico, including Aztecs, shaved their heads and wore their braided sideburns long, said to be wearing "balcarrotas", rarely seen in modern times, but prized in the 16th century as a mark of virile vanity and banned by the colonial authorities in New Spain, resulting in rioting in 1692.{{cite web|url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra-visor/vocabulario-de-mexicanismos-comprobado-con-ejemplos-y-comparado-con-los-de-otros-paises-hispanoamericanos--0/html/03b9b7a8-f6cc-4cca-9e5d-1358d09b2197_4.html#1510|title=Vocabulario de mexicanismos : comprobado con ejemplos y comparado con los de otros paises hispano-americanos|author=Joaquín García Icazbalceta|publisher=Fundación Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes|access-date=March 1, 2013}}
History
Sideburns are present on statues and masks of Romans dating back to the 1st Century.{{cite web | url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/547851 | title=Mask of a man with short curly hair and long sideburns | Roman Period }} Elagabalus is depicted with sideburns and a mustache.
Following the fashion in Europe young South American criollos adopted sideburns. Many of the independence heroes of South America, including José de San Martín, Manuel Belgrano, Antonio José de Sucre, Bernardo O'Higgins, José Miguel Carrera, and Antonio Nariño had sideburns and are as such depicted on numerous paintings, coins and banknotes.
Nineteenth-century sideburns were often far more extravagant than those seen today, similar to what are now called mutton chops, but considerably more extreme. In period literature, "side whiskers" usually refers to this style, in which the whiskers hang well below the jaw line. As with beards, sideburns went quickly out of fashion in the early twentieth century. In World War I, in order to secure a seal on a gas mask, men had to be clean-shaven; this did not affect mustaches.
In 1936, President Franklin Roosevelt briefly experimented with sideburns on a yachting cruise, provoking laughter from wife Eleanor.[https://www.nytimes.com/1936/07/28/archives/president-grows-crop-of-sideburns-mrs-roosevelt-laughs-heartily-as.html "President Grows crop of Sideburns: Mrs. Roosevelt Laughs Heartily as He Arrives at Campobello"]. The New York Times 28 July 1936. Retrieved 9 September 2008. Sideburns made a comeback in the mid-1950s when Marlon Brando sported them as the title character in The Wild One (1953). Further spurred by Elvis Presley, sideburns were sported by "hoods", "greasers", and "rockers" seeking to highlight their rebellious post-pubescent manliness.[https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0615FE3854177B93CBA91789D85F438585F9 "Sideburns a la Presley Aren't Ivy; Dern of Penn Quits Track Rather Than Alter Appearance"]. The New York Times, 9 February 1957. Retrieved 9 September 2008. Sideburns later gained popularity in the counterculture of the 1960s: the struggle of a New Jersey youth to wear sideburns to his public high school graduation made a newspaper article in 1967.[https://www.nytimes.com/1967/06/13/archives/youth-with-sideburns-is-graduated-in-jersey.html "Youth With Sideburns Is Graduated in Jersey"]. The New York Times, 13 June 1967. Retrieved 9 September 2008. Sideburns were associated with young mods and hippies, but in the '70s became prevalent in all walks of life. "Lambchop" sideburns also became a symbol of the gay club scenes of San Francisco and Sydney, as did the handlebar mustache. For the most part, sideburns have never gone out of fashion. They have continued to be popular among rock musicians, and even become a notable feature of such musicians like Stephen Stills, Neil Young, George Jones, and Lemmy.
{{multiple image
| align =
| direction =
| width =
| caption_align = center
| header_align = center
| header = 21st century examples
| image1 = Macron_tête_et_main_droite.jpg
| width1 = 150
| alt1 = Emmanuel Macron
| caption1 = Emmanuel Macron
| image2 = Javier Milei VIVA22 (2) (cropped).jpg
| width2 = 150
| alt2 = Javier Milei
| caption2 = Javier Milei
| image3 = CemOezdemir.jpg
| caption3 = Cem Özdemir
| alt3 = Cem Özdemir
| width3 = 135
}}
Notable 21st century examples include Emmanuel Macron, Javier Milei, Cem Özdemir, Viktor Yushchenko, David Pountney, Adam Sandler, John Lithgow and David Tennant.
Because of sideburns' multifarious history, they may be seen as stuffily Victorian; an indicator of roughness, vice, or rebelliousness;In the 1965 novel For Kicks by Dick Francis, one character advises another that, to go undercover as a disreputable stable lad, "Then, if I might suggest it, it would be a good idea for you to grow a couple of sideburns. It's surprising what a lot of distrust can be caused by an inch of extra hair in front of the ears!" {{cite book |last= Francis |first= Dick |author-link= Dick Francis |title= For Kicks |year=1990 |publisher= Armchair Detective Library |location= New York |isbn=978-0-922890-59-0 |page=19}} a characteristic of rock 'n' roll; or merely a retro fashion revival.
See also
References
{{reflist}}
External links
{{Commons category|Sideburns}}
{{Commons category|Mutton-chops}}
{{Human hair}}
Category:1970s fads and trends
Category:19th-century fads and trends
Category:2010s fads and trends