skin reflectance

In anthropology, reflectometry devices are often used to gauge human skin color through the measurement of skin reflectance. These devices are typically pointed at the upper arm or forehead, with the emitted waves then interpreted at various percentages. Lower percentages represent lower skin reflectance and thus darker pigmentation, whereas higher percentages represent greater skin reflectance and therefore lighter pigmentation.{{cite journal|author1=Jablonski, N. G. |author2=G. Chaplin |title=The evolution of human skin coloration|journal=Journal of Human Evolution|date=2000|volume=39|issue=1|pages=57–106|url=http://anth.la.psu.edu/research/research-labs/jablonski-lab/research/JablonskiLabskin.pdf|accessdate=30 August 2017|doi=10.1006/jhev.2000.0403|pmid=10896812}}

Below are global estimates of skin reflectance percentages in various countries, populations and areas as observed and predicted by Jablonski and Chaplin.

class="wikitable sortable"
align=center ! # !! Country/Population/Area !! Hemisphere !! Reflectance site !! Observed reflectance at 685 nm !! Predicted reflectance at 685 nm
align=center \| 1	align=center \| Afghanistan/Iran	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 55.70	45.55
align=center \| 2	align=center \| Algeria (Aures)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 58.05	47.91
align=center \| 3	align=center \| Australia (Darwin)	align=center \| Southern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 19.30	36.24
align=center \| 4	align=center \| Belgium	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 63.14	65.66
align=center \| 5	align=center \| Botswana (San)	align=center \| Southern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 42.40	39.45
align=center \| 6	align=center \| Brazil (Caingan)	align=center \| Southern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 49.40	48.53
align=center \| 7	align=center \| Brazil (Guaraní)	align=center \| Southern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 47.20	45.29
align=center \| 8	align=center \| Burkina Faso (Kurumba)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 28.60	34.23
align=center \| 9	align=center \| Cambodia	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 54.00	38.99
align=center \| 10	align=center \| Cameroon (Fali)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 21.50	34.37
align=center \| 11	align=center \| Chad (Sara)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 24.60	34.77
align=center \| 12	align=center \| China (Southern)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 59.17	59.49
align=center \| 13	align=center \| China (Tibet)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 54.70	41.78
align=center \| 14	align=center \| Eswatini	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 35.60	44.62
align=center \| 15	align=center \| Ethiopia	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 31.70	32.70
align=center \| 16	align=center \| Ethiopia (Highland)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 33.55	31.35
align=center \| 17	align=center \| Germany (Mainz)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 66.90	65.21
align=center \| 18	align=center \| Greenland (Southern)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 55.70	70.31
align=center \| 19	align=center \| India	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 44.60	48.85
align=center \| 20	align=center \| India (Bengal)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 49.73	44.33
align=center \| 21	align=center \| India (Goa)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 46.40	38.93
align=center \| 22	align=center \| India (Nagpur)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 41.30	41.53
align=center \| 23	align=center \| India (Northern)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 53.26	44.23
align=center \| 24	align=center \| India (Orissa)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 32.05	41.52
align=center \| 25	align=center \| India (Punjab)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 54.24	47.89
align=center \| 26	align=center \| India (Rajasthan)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 52.00	42.19
align=center \| 27	align=center \| India (Southern)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 46.70	37.60
align=center \| 28	align=center \| Iraq/Syria (Kurds)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 61.12	51.50
align=center \| 29	align=center \| Ireland (Ballinlough)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 65.20	67.11
align=center \| 30	align=center \| Ireland (Carnew)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 64.50	65.84
align=center \| 31	align=center \| Ireland (Longford)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 65.00	66.99
align=center \| 32	align=center \| Ireland (Rossmore)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 64.75	66.73
align=center \| 33	align=center \| Israel	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 58.20	48.67
align=center \| 34	align=center \| Israel (Kurdish Jews){{cite journal\|author=J. A. Lourie\|title=Physical characteristics of Yemenite and Kurdish Jews in Israel\|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences\|date=1973\|volume=266\|issue=876\|pages=101–112\|url=http://docdro.id/hbshH9R\|accessdate=30 August 2017\|doi=10.1098/rstb.1973.0039\|pmid=4148280\|bibcode=1973RSPTB.266..101L\|doi-access=\|url-access=subscription}}	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Medial aspect of upper arm	align=center \| 54.89–60.02
align=center \| 35	align=center \| Israel (Yemeni Jews)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Medial aspect of upper arm	align=center \| 53.15–56.94
align=center \| 36	align=center \| Japan (Central)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 55.42	58.51
align=center \| 37	align=center \| Japan (Hidakka)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 59.10	63.58
align=center \| 38	align=center \| Japan (Northern)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 54.90	61.34
align=center \| 39	align=center \| Japan (Southwest)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 53.55	56.68
align=center \| 40	align=center \| Jordan	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 55.42	58.51
align=center \| 41	align=center \| Jordan (Arabs){{cite journal\|author1=Sunderland, E. \|author2=Elizabeth Coope \|title=Genetic studies in Jordan\|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences\|volume=266\|issue=876\|date=1973\|pages=207–220\|url=http://docdro.id/NlFbF0u\|accessdate=30 August 2017\|bibcode=1973RSPTB.266..207S\|doi=10.1098/rstb.1973.0048\|pmid=4148289 \|doi-access=\|url-access=subscription}}	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Forehead	align=center \| 44.2–47.1
align=center \| 42	align=center \| Jordan (Arabs)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Medial aspect of upper arm	align=center \| 48.0–52.7
align=center \| 43	align=center \| Jordan (Chechen)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Forehead	align=center \| 50.9–52.5
align=center \| 44	align=center \| Jordan (Chechen)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Medial aspect of upper arm	align=center \| 51.9–55.0
align=center \| 45	align=center \| Jordan (Druze, males)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Forehead	align=center \| 48.5
align=center \| 46	align=center \| Jordan (Druze, males)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Medial aspect of upper arm	align=center \| 52.8
align=center \| 47	align=center \| Kenya	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 32.40	34.21
align=center \| 48	align=center \| Lebanon	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 58.20	50.74
align=center \| 49	align=center \| Liberia	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 29.40	40.52
align=center \| 50	align=center \| Libya (Cyrenaica)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 53.50	44.19
align=center \| 51	align=center \| Libya (Fezzan)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 44.00	41.31
align=center \| 52	align=center \| Libya (Tripoli)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 54.40	48.83
align=center \| 53	align=center \| Malawi	align=center \| Southern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 27.00	38.67
align=center \| 54	align=center \| Mali (Dogon)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 34.10	34.54
align=center \| 55	align=center \| Morocco	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 54.85	49.09
align=center \| 56	align=center \| Mozambique (Chopi)	align=center \| Southern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 19.45	43.84
align=center \| 57	align=center \| Namibia	align=center \| Southern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 25.55	38.29
align=center \| 58	align=center \| Namibia (Okavango)	align=center \| Southern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 22.92	38.63
align=center \| 59	align=center \| Namibia (Reheboth Baster)	align=center \| Southern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 32.90	36.49
align=center \| 60	align=center \| Nepal (Eastern)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 50.42	46.31
align=center \| 61	align=center \| Netherlands	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 67.37	65.94
align=center \| 62	align=center \| Nigeria (Ebo)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 28.20	41.86
align=center \| 63	align=center \| Nigeria (Yoruba)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 27.40	39.62
align=center \| 64	align=center \| Pakistan	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 52.30	44.15
align=center \| 65	align=center \| Papua New Guinea	align=center \| Southern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 35.30	37.26
align=center \| 66	align=center \| Papua New Guinea (Goroka)	align=center \| Southern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 33.30	34.20
align=center \| 67	align=center \| Papua New Guinea (Karker)	align=center \| Southern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 32.00	37.25
align=center \| 68	align=center \| Papua New Guinea (Lufa)	align=center \| Southern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 31.20	36.88
align=center \| 69	align=center \| Papua New Guinea (Mount Hagan)	align=center \| Southern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 35.35	31.56
align=center \| 70	align=center \| Papua New Guinea (Port Moresby)	align=center \| Southern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 41.00	35.45
align=center \| 71	align=center \| Peru (Maranon)	align=center \| Southern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 43.05	42.28
align=center \| 72	align=center \| Peru (Nunoa)	align=center \| Southern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 47.70	34.89
align=center \| 73	align=center \| Philippines (Manila)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 54.10	41.53
align=center \| 74	align=center \| Russia (Chechen)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 53.45	59.04
align=center \| 75	align=center \| Saudi Arabia	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 52.50	38.65
align=center \| 76	align=center \| South Africa	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 42.50	45.67
align=center \| 77	align=center \| South Africa (Cape)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 50.96	50.71
align=center \| 78	align=center \| South Africa (Hottentot)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 46.80	43.91
align=center \| 79	align=center \| South Africa (San Central)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 43.75	41.14
align=center \| 80	align=center \| Spain (Basques)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 65.70	62.38
align=center \| 81	align=center \| Spain (Leon)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 64.66	60.80
align=center \| 82	align=center \| Sudan	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 35.50	33.45
align=center \| 83	align=center \| Tanzania (Nyatura)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 25.80	34.12
align=center \| 84	align=center \| Tanzania (Sandewe)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 28.90	32.13
align=center \| 85	align=center \| Tunisia	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 56.30	52.03
align=center \| 86	align=center \| Turkey	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 59.15	55.56
align=center \| 87	align=center \| United Kingdom (Cumberland)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 66.75	66.99
align=center \| 88	align=center \| United Kingdom (London)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 62.30	65.84
align=center \| 89	align=center \| United Kingdom (Northern)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 66.10	67.49
align=center \| 90	align=center \| United Kingdom (Wales)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 65.00	66.15
align=center \| 91	align=center \| Vietnam	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 55.90	43.59
align=center \| 92	align=center \| Zaire	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 33.20	37.46
align=center \| 93	align=center \| Zaire (Konda)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 29.40	39.43

References

Category:Human skin color

class="wikitable sortable"
align=center ! # !! Country/Population/Area !! Hemisphere !! Reflectance site !! Observed reflectance at 685 nm !! Predicted reflectance at 685 nm
align=center \| 1	align=center \| Afghanistan/Iran	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 55.70	45.55
align=center \| 2	align=center \| Algeria (Aures)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 58.05	47.91
align=center \| 3	align=center \| Australia (Darwin)	align=center \| Southern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 19.30	36.24
align=center \| 4	align=center \| Belgium	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 63.14	65.66
align=center \| 5	align=center \| Botswana (San)	align=center \| Southern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 42.40	39.45
align=center \| 6	align=center \| Brazil (Caingan)	align=center \| Southern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 49.40	48.53
align=center \| 7	align=center \| Brazil (Guaraní)	align=center \| Southern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 47.20	45.29
align=center \| 8	align=center \| Burkina Faso (Kurumba)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 28.60	34.23
align=center \| 9	align=center \| Cambodia	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 54.00	38.99
align=center \| 10	align=center \| Cameroon (Fali)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 21.50	34.37
align=center \| 11	align=center \| Chad (Sara)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 24.60	34.77
align=center \| 12	align=center \| China (Southern)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 59.17	59.49
align=center \| 13	align=center \| China (Tibet)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 54.70	41.78
align=center \| 14	align=center \| Eswatini	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 35.60	44.62
align=center \| 15	align=center \| Ethiopia	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 31.70	32.70
align=center \| 16	align=center \| Ethiopia (Highland)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 33.55	31.35
align=center \| 17	align=center \| Germany (Mainz)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 66.90	65.21
align=center \| 18	align=center \| Greenland (Southern)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 55.70	70.31
align=center \| 19	align=center \| India	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 44.60	48.85
align=center \| 20	align=center \| India (Bengal)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 49.73	44.33
align=center \| 21	align=center \| India (Goa)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 46.40	38.93
align=center \| 22	align=center \| India (Nagpur)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 41.30	41.53
align=center \| 23	align=center \| India (Northern)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 53.26	44.23
align=center \| 24	align=center \| India (Orissa)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 32.05	41.52
align=center \| 25	align=center \| India (Punjab)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 54.24	47.89
align=center \| 26	align=center \| India (Rajasthan)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 52.00	42.19
align=center \| 27	align=center \| India (Southern)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 46.70	37.60
align=center \| 28	align=center \| Iraq/Syria (Kurds)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 61.12	51.50
align=center \| 29	align=center \| Ireland (Ballinlough)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 65.20	67.11
align=center \| 30	align=center \| Ireland (Carnew)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 64.50	65.84
align=center \| 31	align=center \| Ireland (Longford)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 65.00	66.99
align=center \| 32	align=center \| Ireland (Rossmore)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 64.75	66.73
align=center \| 33	align=center \| Israel	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 58.20	48.67
align=center \| 34	align=center \| Israel (Kurdish Jews){{cite journal\|author=J. A. Lourie\|title=Physical characteristics of Yemenite and Kurdish Jews in Israel\|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences\|date=1973\|volume=266\|issue=876\|pages=101–112\|url=http://docdro.id/hbshH9R\|accessdate=30 August 2017\|doi=10.1098/rstb.1973.0039\|pmid=4148280\|bibcode=1973RSPTB.266..101L\|doi-access=\|url-access=subscription}}	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Medial aspect of upper arm	align=center \| 54.89–60.02
align=center \| 35	align=center \| Israel (Yemeni Jews)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Medial aspect of upper arm	align=center \| 53.15–56.94
align=center \| 36	align=center \| Japan (Central)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 55.42	58.51
align=center \| 37	align=center \| Japan (Hidakka)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 59.10	63.58
align=center \| 38	align=center \| Japan (Northern)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 54.90	61.34
align=center \| 39	align=center \| Japan (Southwest)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 53.55	56.68
align=center \| 40	align=center \| Jordan	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 55.42	58.51
align=center \| 41	align=center \| Jordan (Arabs){{cite journal\|author1=Sunderland, E. \|author2=Elizabeth Coope \|title=Genetic studies in Jordan\|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences\|volume=266\|issue=876\|date=1973\|pages=207–220\|url=http://docdro.id/NlFbF0u\|accessdate=30 August 2017\|bibcode=1973RSPTB.266..207S\|doi=10.1098/rstb.1973.0048\|pmid=4148289 \|doi-access=\|url-access=subscription}}	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Forehead	align=center \| 44.2–47.1
align=center \| 42	align=center \| Jordan (Arabs)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Medial aspect of upper arm	align=center \| 48.0–52.7
align=center \| 43	align=center \| Jordan (Chechen)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Forehead	align=center \| 50.9–52.5
align=center \| 44	align=center \| Jordan (Chechen)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Medial aspect of upper arm	align=center \| 51.9–55.0
align=center \| 45	align=center \| Jordan (Druze, males)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Forehead	align=center \| 48.5
align=center \| 46	align=center \| Jordan (Druze, males)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Medial aspect of upper arm	align=center \| 52.8
align=center \| 47	align=center \| Kenya	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 32.40	34.21
align=center \| 48	align=center \| Lebanon	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 58.20	50.74
align=center \| 49	align=center \| Liberia	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 29.40	40.52
align=center \| 50	align=center \| Libya (Cyrenaica)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 53.50	44.19
align=center \| 51	align=center \| Libya (Fezzan)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 44.00	41.31
align=center \| 52	align=center \| Libya (Tripoli)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 54.40	48.83
align=center \| 53	align=center \| Malawi	align=center \| Southern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 27.00	38.67
align=center \| 54	align=center \| Mali (Dogon)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 34.10	34.54
align=center \| 55	align=center \| Morocco	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 54.85	49.09
align=center \| 56	align=center \| Mozambique (Chopi)	align=center \| Southern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 19.45	43.84
align=center \| 57	align=center \| Namibia	align=center \| Southern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 25.55	38.29
align=center \| 58	align=center \| Namibia (Okavango)	align=center \| Southern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 22.92	38.63
align=center \| 59	align=center \| Namibia (Reheboth Baster)	align=center \| Southern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 32.90	36.49
align=center \| 60	align=center \| Nepal (Eastern)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 50.42	46.31
align=center \| 61	align=center \| Netherlands	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 67.37	65.94
align=center \| 62	align=center \| Nigeria (Ebo)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 28.20	41.86
align=center \| 63	align=center \| Nigeria (Yoruba)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 27.40	39.62
align=center \| 64	align=center \| Pakistan	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 52.30	44.15
align=center \| 65	align=center \| Papua New Guinea	align=center \| Southern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 35.30	37.26
align=center \| 66	align=center \| Papua New Guinea (Goroka)	align=center \| Southern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 33.30	34.20
align=center \| 67	align=center \| Papua New Guinea (Karker)	align=center \| Southern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 32.00	37.25
align=center \| 68	align=center \| Papua New Guinea (Lufa)	align=center \| Southern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 31.20	36.88
align=center \| 69	align=center \| Papua New Guinea (Mount Hagan)	align=center \| Southern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 35.35	31.56
align=center \| 70	align=center \| Papua New Guinea (Port Moresby)	align=center \| Southern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 41.00	35.45
align=center \| 71	align=center \| Peru (Maranon)	align=center \| Southern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 43.05	42.28
align=center \| 72	align=center \| Peru (Nunoa)	align=center \| Southern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 47.70	34.89
align=center \| 73	align=center \| Philippines (Manila)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 54.10	41.53
align=center \| 74	align=center \| Russia (Chechen)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 53.45	59.04
align=center \| 75	align=center \| Saudi Arabia	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 52.50	38.65
align=center \| 76	align=center \| South Africa	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 42.50	45.67
align=center \| 77	align=center \| South Africa (Cape)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 50.96	50.71
align=center \| 78	align=center \| South Africa (Hottentot)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 46.80	43.91
align=center \| 79	align=center \| South Africa (San Central)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 43.75	41.14
align=center \| 80	align=center \| Spain (Basques)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 65.70	62.38
align=center \| 81	align=center \| Spain (Leon)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 64.66	60.80
align=center \| 82	align=center \| Sudan	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 35.50	33.45
align=center \| 83	align=center \| Tanzania (Nyatura)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 25.80	34.12
align=center \| 84	align=center \| Tanzania (Sandewe)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 28.90	32.13
align=center \| 85	align=center \| Tunisia	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 56.30	52.03
align=center \| 86	align=center \| Turkey	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 59.15	55.56
align=center \| 87	align=center \| United Kingdom (Cumberland)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 66.75	66.99
align=center \| 88	align=center \| United Kingdom (London)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 62.30	65.84
align=center \| 89	align=center \| United Kingdom (Northern)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 66.10	67.49
align=center \| 90	align=center \| United Kingdom (Wales)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 65.00	66.15
align=center \| 91	align=center \| Vietnam	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 55.90	43.59
align=center \| 92	align=center \| Zaire	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 33.20	37.46
align=center \| 93	align=center \| Zaire (Konda)	align=center \| Northern hemisphere	align=center \| Upper inner arm	align=center \| 29.40	39.43