snub-nosed monkey

Snub-nosed monkeys live in Asia, with a range covering southern China (especially Tibet, Sichuan, Yunnan, and Guizhou) extending into the northern parts of Myanmar and Vietnam. Snub-nosed monkeys inhabit mountain forests up to elevations of more than {{cvt|4,000|m}}. In the winter, they move into the deeply secluded regions. Higher elevation areas are more remote and difficult for humans to access and utilize and other studies have found less deforestation, more reforestation and afforestation, less range contraction, and less extinction in topographically steep areas. All Rhinopithecus species inhabit primary forest and grid cells with tree cover ≥ 75% might constitute important potential habitat.{{Cite journal |last1=Nüchel |first1=Jonas |last2=Bøcher |first2=Peder Klith |last3=Xiao |first3=Wen |last4=Zhu |first4=A-Xing |last5=Svenning |first5=Jens-Christian |display-authors=3 |date=2018-01-23 |title=Snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus): potential distribution and its implication for conservation |journal=Biodiversity and Conservation |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=1517–1538 |doi=10.1007/s10531-018-1507-0 |issn=0960-3115 |pmc=6560942 |pmid=31258260 |doi-access=free}}

These monkeys are named for the short stump of a nose on their round faces, with nostrils arranged forward. They have relatively multicolored and long fur, particularly at the shoulders and backs. They grow to a length of {{cvt|51|–|83|cm}} with a tail of {{cvt|55|–|97|cm}}.

Snub-nosed monkeys spend the majority of their life in the trees. They live together in very large groups of up to 600 members, splitting up into smaller groups in times of food-scarcity, such as in the winter. Groups consist of many more males than females. They have territorial instincts, defending their territory mostly with shouts. They have a large vocal repertoire, calling sometimes solo while at other times together in choir-like fashion.

The diet of these animals consists mainly of tree needles, bamboo buds, fruits and leaves. A multi-chambered stomach helps them with digesting their food.

The impulse for mating starts with the female. She takes up eye contact with the male and runs away a short bit, then flashes her genitals. If the male shows interest (which does not always occur), he joins the female and they mate. The 200-day gestation period ends with a single birth in late spring or early summer. Young animals become fully mature in about six to seven years. Zoologists know little about their lifespan.

The golden and black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys are both endangered species, while the other three species are critically endangered.

Golden snub-nosed monkey communities with large populations have high genetic diversity, but also show higher levels of recent inbreeding than other snub-nosed monkeys.{{cite journal |last1= Kuang|first1= W.|last2= Hu|first2= J.|display-authors=etal |date= December 2020|title= Genetic diversity, inbreeding level, and genetic load in endangered snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus) |journal= Frontiers in Genetics|volume= 11 |pages= 615926|doi= 10.3389/fgene.2020.615926|doi-access= free}}

{{Species table |no-note=y |genus=Rhinopithecus |authority-name=A. Milne-Edwards |authority-year=1872 |species-count=five}}

{{Species table/row

|name=Black-and-white snub-nosed monkey |binomial=R. bieti

|image=File:Black_Snub-nosed_Monkey_(44489823001).jpg |image-alt=Gray monkey

|authority-name=A. Milne-Edwards|authority-not-original= |authority-year=1897

|range=Southern China |range-image=File:Black_Snub-nosed_Monkey_area.png |range-image-size=161px

|size={{convert|74|–|83|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, plus {{convert|51|–|72|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} tail

|habitat=Forest

|hunting=Leaves, fruit, and lichen

|iucn-status=EN |population=1,000

|direction={{steady|Population steady}}

}}

{{Species table/row

|name=Golden snub-nosed monkey |binomial=R. roxellana

|image=File:Golden_Snub-nosed_Monkeys,_Qinling_Mountains_-_China.jpg |image-alt=Brown monkey

|authority-name=A. Milne-Edwards|authority-not-original=yes |authority-year=1870

|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Three subspecies |bullets=on

| R. r. hubeiensis (Hubei golden snub-nosed monkey)

| R. r. qinlingensis (Qinling golden snub-nosed monkey)

| R. r. roxellana (Moupin golden snub-nosed monkey)

}}

|range=Central China |range-image=File:Golden_Snub-nosed_Monkey_area.png |range-image-size=172px

|size={{convert|57|–|76|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, plus {{convert|51|–|72|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} tail

|habitat=Forest

|hunting=Leaves, bark, and lichen, as well as buds and fruit seeds

|iucn-status=EN |population=Unknown

|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}

}}

{{Species table/row

|name=Gray snub-nosed monkey |binomial=R. brelichi

|image=File:Rhinopithecus_brelichi_Smit.jpg |image-alt=Drawing of brown monkey

|authority-name=Thomas |authority-year=1903

|range=Central China |range-image=File:Gray_Snub-nosed_Monkey_area.png |range-image-size=172px

|size=About {{convert|64|–|73|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, plus {{convert|70|–|97|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} tail

|habitat=Forest

|hunting=Leaves, buds, fruit, seeds and bark, as well as insect larvae

|iucn-status=CR |population=200

|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}

}}

{{Species table/row

|name=Myanmar snub-nosed monkey |binomial=R. strykeri

|image=File:Drawing of Rhinopithecus strykeri.jpg |image-alt=Drawing of gray monkey

|authority-name=Geissmann et al. |authority-year=2010

|range=Northern Myanmar |range-image=File:Range Rhinopithecus strykeri.png |range-image-size=180px

|size=About {{convert|56|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, plus {{convert|78|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} tail

|habitat=Forest

|hunting=Leaves, fruit, seeds, buds, flowers, twigs, and bark

|iucn-status=CR |population=350–400

|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}

}}

{{Species table/row

|name=Tonkin snub-nosed monkey |binomial=R. avunculus

|image=File:Tonkin_snub-nosed_monkeys_(Rhinopithecus_avunculus).jpg |image-alt=Gray monkeys

|authority-name=Dollman |authority-year=1912 |authority-not-original=

|range=Northern Vietnam |range-image=File:Tonkin_Snub-nosed_Langur_area.png |range-image-size=180px

|size={{convert|51|–|65|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, plus {{convert|66|–|92|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} tail

|habitat=Forest

|hunting=Leaves, fruit, flowers, and seeds

|iucn-status=CR |population=80–100

|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}

}}

{{Species table/end}}

• Wildlife of China

{{Reflist|refs=

{{cite iucn |last1=Quyet |first1=L. K. |last2=Rawson |first2=B. M. |last3=Duc |first3=H. |last4=Nadler |first4=T. |last5=Covert |first5=H. |last6=Ang |first6=A. |title=Rhinopithecus avunculus |volume=2020 |page=e.T19594A17944213 |date=2020 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T19594A17944213.en}}

{{cite web |first1=Rachel |last1=Cherka |title=Rhinopithecus avunculus |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Rhinopithecus_avunculus/ |date=2014 |website=Animal Diversity Web |publisher=University of Michigan |access-date=July 24, 2023 |archive-date=August 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812172838/https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Rhinopithecus_avunculus/ |url-status=live }}

{{cite iucn |last1=Long |first1=Y. |last2=Bleisch |first2=W. V. |last3=Richardson |first3=M. |title=Rhinopithecus bieti |volume=2020 |page=e.T19597A17943738 |date=2020 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T19597A17943738.en}}

{{cite web |first1=Xin |last1=Deng |title=Rhinopithecus bieti |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Rhinopithecus_bieti/ |date=2020 |website=Animal Diversity Web |publisher=University of Michigan |access-date=July 24, 2023 |archive-date=August 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812153212/https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Rhinopithecus_bieti/ |url-status=live }}

{{cite iucn |last1=Long |first1=Y. |last2=Li |first2=B. |last3=Zhou |first3=J. |last4=Ren |first4=B. |last5=Garber |first5=A. |title=Rhinopithecus brelichi |volume=2022 |page=e.T19595A215621115 |date=2022 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T19595A215621115.en}}

{{cite web |title=Grey snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus brelichi) |work=ARKive |publisher=Wildscreen |url=http://www.arkive.org/grey-snub-nosed-monkey/rhinopithecus-brelichi/factsheet |access-date=December 16, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909235911/http://www.arkive.org/grey-snub-nosed-monkey/rhinopithecus-brelichi/factsheet | archive-date=September 9, 2015 |url-status=dead}}

{{cite iucn |last1=Geissmann |first1=T. |last2=Momberg |first2=F. |last3=Whitten |first3=T. |title=Rhinopithecus strykeri |volume=2020 |page=e.T13508501A17943490 |date=2020 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T13508501A17943490.en}}

{{cite journal |last1=Geissmann |first1=T. |last2=Lwin |first2=N. |last3=Aung |first3=S. S. |last4=Aung |first4=T. N. |last5=Aung |first5=Z. M. |last6=Hla |first6=T. H. |last7=Grindley |first7=M. |last8=Momberg |first8=F. |date=2011 |title=A new species of snub-nosed monkey, genus Rhinopithecus Milne-Edwards, 1872 (Primates, Colobinae), from northern Kachin state, northeastern Myanmar |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20981682 |journal=American Journal of Primatology |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=96–107 |doi=10.1002/ajp.20894 |pmid=20981682 |s2cid=467234 |access-date=August 24, 2023 |archive-date=June 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608045619/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20981682/ |url-status=live }}

{{cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=Y. |last2=Groves |first2=C. |last3=Garber |first3=P. |last4=Wang |first4=X. |last5=Li |first5=H. |last6=Long |first6=Y. |last7=Li |first7=G. |last8=Tian |first8=Y. |last9=Dong |first9=S. |date=2019 |title=First insights into the feeding habits of the Critically Endangered black snub-nosed monkey, Rhinopithecus strykeri (Colobinae, Primates) |journal=Primates |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=143–153 |doi=10.1007/s10329-019-00717-0 |pmid=30847671 |s2cid=71145324}}

{{cite iucn |last1=Yongcheng |first1=L. |last2=Richardson |first2=M. |title=Rhinopithecus roxellana |amends=2020 |volume=2021 |page=e.T19596A196491153 |date=2021 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T19596A196491153.en}}

{{cite web |first1=Peter |last1=Munoz |title=Rhinopithecus roxellana |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Rhinopithecus_roxellana/ |date=2023 |website=Animal Diversity Web |publisher=University of Michigan |access-date=July 24, 2023 |archive-date=August 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812150712/https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Rhinopithecus_roxellana/ |url-status=live }}

}}

{{Wikispecies|Rhinopithecus|Snub-nosed monkey}}

• {{ARKive|golden-snub-nosed-monkey|rhinopithecus-roxellana}}
• {{ARKive|yunnan-snub-nosed-monkey|rhinopithecus-bieti}}
• [http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/links/rhinopithecus Primate Info Net Rhinopithecus Factsheets]

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{{Haplorhini|C.}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q549325}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:monkey, snub-nosed}}

Category:Taxa named by Alphonse Milne-Edwards