social question

The term social question refers to the social grievances that accompanied the Industrial Revolution and the following population explosion, that is, the social problems accompanying and resulting from the transition from an agrarian to an urbanising industrial society. In England, the beginning of this transition was to be noted from about 1760, in Germany from the early 19th century. It was characterized by a rapidly growing population that created a wage-earning proletariat, peasant liberation, rural exodus and urbanisation, the decline of the old trades and a gradual emergence of the factory industry.

The term was used first in France ":fr:question sociale", in Germany by the 1840s, ":de:soziale Frage" and in the Netherlands as the "sociale vraagstuk."{{Citation |last=Jähnichen |first=Traugott |title=Social Question |date=2011-04-01 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/religion-past-and-present/social-question-SIM_124903 |work=Religion Past and Present |access-date=2023-04-21 |publisher=Brill |language=en}}{{Cite book |last=Ritter |first=Gerhard A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aLKTBwAAQBAJ&dq=soziale+frage+industrialisierung+deutschland&pg=PA1 |title=Soziale Frage und Sozialpolitik in Deutschland seit Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts |date=2013-11-11 |publisher=Springer-Verlag |isbn=978-3-663-11398-0 |language=de}}{{Cite web |title=Abraham Kuyper. Het sociale vraagstuk en de christelijke religie. Rede bij de opening van het Sociaal Congres, op 9 November 1891 gehouden. |url=https://sources.neocalvinism.org/kuyper/?ka_num=1891.14 |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=sources.neocalvinism.org}}

The core problems of the social question were pauperism and the existential insecurity of peasants, rural servants, artisans, laborers, and small clerks. These problems led to strikes and even riots.{{Citation |chapter=2 Devon's Classic Food Riots |date=2013-10-01 |chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.4159/harvard.9780674733251.c3/html |pages=27–68 |access-date=2023-04-23 |publisher=Harvard University Press |language=en |doi=10.4159/harvard.9780674733251.c3 |isbn=978-0-674-73325-1 |title=Riots and Community Politics in England and Wales, 1790–1810 }}

Over time, the problem shifted. Between about the 1850s and the 1870s, industry experienced a strong upswing, while the decline of cottage industries and the crisis of the crafts continued. A third phase in Germany, beginning around 1870, was marked by high industrialization and the transition to an industrial society. The social question now became primarily a workers' question. Mass migration from the countryside to the urban industrial centers, phenomena accompanying the formation of large cities and the social integration of the industrial workforce preoccupied political leaders as well as the bourgeois public. Depending on the perception of the problem and the interests at stake, different approaches to the social question were developed.{{Cite journal |last=Case |first=Holly |date=2016 |title=THE "SOCIAL QUESTION," 1820–1920* |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-intellectual-history/article/abs/social-question-18201920/161912FA1234B9FE6185F59259DAB2D3 |journal=Modern Intellectual History |language=en |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=747–775 |doi=10.1017/S1479244315000037 |s2cid=143077444 |issn=1479-2443|url-access=subscription }}

The social question resulted in riots, strikes and the foundation of unions and parties. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels wrote The Communist Manifesto trying to give an answer to the problems resulting from the industrialisation.{{Cite book |last=Marx |first=Karl |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1076663420 |title=COMMUNIST MANIFESTO |date=2016 |publisher=CHIRON ACADEMIC Press |others=Friedrich Engels |isbn=978-91-7637-150-3 |location=[Place of publication not identified] |oclc=1076663420 |edition=CHIRON ACADEMIC PRESS - THEORIGINAL AUTHORITATIVE }} The German Kaiserreich developed social laws, such as a public health insurance, pension system and an unemployment insurance to share social safety with their populations and avoiding socialist revolutions.{{Cite journal |last=van Meerhaeghe |first=Marcel |date=2006-01-01 |editor-last=Backhaus |editor-first=Jürgen |title=Bismarck and the social question |url=https://doi.org/10.1108/01443580610688448 |journal=Journal of Economic Studies |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=284–301 |doi=10.1108/01443580610688448 |issn=0144-3585|url-access=subscription }} Being able to produce large amounts of goods on the one hand and creating wealth for a limited group of people while some groups remain poor in a materialistic or intellectual way on the other hand is still an important economic and philosophic challenge to solve.

In 1991, Pope John Paul II pointed out in the encyclical Centesimus annus, that "it is still possible today, as in the days of Rerum novarum, to speak of inhuman exploitation."Direct quote from [https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_01051991_centesimus-annus.html Centesimus annus]

== Social Question in the twenty-first century ==

In 2013, Pope Francis wrote in the apostolic exhortation Evangelii gaudium this here:Direct quote from: [https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/apost_exhortations/documents/papa-francesco_esortazione-ap_20131124_evangelii-gaudium.html#CHAPTER_TWO Evangelii gaudium]

"No to an economy of exclusion
53. Just as the commandment 'Thou shalt not kill' sets a clear limit in order to safeguard the value of human life, today we also have to say 'thou shalt not' to an economy of exclusion and inequality. Such an economy kills. How can it be that it is not a news item when an elderly homeless person dies of exposure, but it is news when the stock market loses two points? This is a case of exclusion. Can we continue to stand by when food is thrown away while people are starving? This is a case of inequality. Today everything comes under the laws of competition and the survival of the fittest, where the powerful feed upon the powerless. As a consequence, masses of people find themselves excluded and marginalized: without work, without possibilities, without any means of escape."

The European Union is focused on obtaining social rights to defuse the social question.{{Cite web |title=Exchange of views with Nicolas Schmit, Commissioner for Jobs and Social Rights {{!}} Highlights {{!}} Home {{!}} EMPL {{!}} Committees {{!}} European Parliament |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/committees/en/exchange-of-views-with-nicolas-schmit-co/product-details/20230315CAN69123 |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=www.europarl.europa.eu |language=en}}

The United States is focused on reducing social rights to exacerbate the social question.{{cite web |title=World Report 2024 United States Events of 2023 |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2024/country-chapters/united-states |website=Human Rights Watch |access-date=20 November 2024}}{{cite web |title=The Trump Administration’s Plan to Strip Citizenship from Thousands of Americans |url=https://immpolicytracking.org/media/documents/ACLU_Fact_Sheet_on_Denaturalization.pdf |access-date=20 November 2024}}{{cite web |last1=Guzman |first1=Gloria |last2=Kollar |first2=Melissa |title=Income in the United States: 2023 |url=https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2024/demo/p60-282.html |website=United States Census Bureau |access-date=20 November 2024}}

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• Catholic social teaching
• Rerum Novarum
• Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler
• Adolph Kolping
• Johann Hinrich Wichern
• Gustav von Schmoller
• Centesimus annus
• Evangelii gaudium
• Socialism
• Henri de Saint-Simon
• Robert Owen
• Charles Fourier
• F. D. Maurice
• Louis Blanc
• Sociology
• Conflict theories
• The labor problem

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{{Reflist}}

Category:Industrial Revolution

Category:History of sociology

Category:18th century in England

Category:19th century in England

Category:19th century in Germany

Category:19th century in France

Category:Social inequality

Category:Social issues