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solar cycle 25

{{Short description|Solar activity from 2019 to about 2030}}

{{use dmy dates |date=September 2023}}

{{Infobox solar cycle

| cycle_num = 25

| image = Solar Cycle 25 prediction and progression.png

| caption = ISES Solar Cycle 25 Sunspot Number Progression and Predictions up to September 2024

| start_date = December 2019

| end_date = about 2030

| duration =

| max_count = 136.8 (smoothed)

| max_count_date = February 2024 (progressive){{cite web |work=SILSO, World Data Center |title=Sunspot Number and Long-term Solar Observations: on-line Sunspot Number catalogue |publisher=Royal Observatory of Belgium |url=https://www.sidc.be/SILSO/home |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405200033/https://www.sidc.be/silso/ |archive-date=2023-04-05 }}

| min_count = 1.8

| spotless_count =

| prev_name = Solar cycle 24

| prev_dates = 2008–2019

| next_name =

| next_dates =

}}

Solar cycle 25 is the current solar cycle, the 25th since 1755, when extensive recording of solar sunspot activity began. It began in December 2019 with a minimum smoothed sunspot number of 1.8.{{cite web|url=https://www.weather.gov/news/201509-solar-cycle|title=Hello Solar Cycle 25|author=National Weather Service|author-link=National Weather Service|date=|accessdate=15 September 2020|archive-date=18 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318003150/https://www.weather.gov/news/201509-solar-cycle|url-status=live}} It is expected to continue until about 2030.{{cite news |last=Odenwald |first=Sten |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/dr-sten-odenwald/waiting-for-the-next-suns_b_11812282.html |title=Waiting for the next sunspot cycle: 2019-2030 |work=The Huffington Post |date=2016-09-02 |accessdate=2017-11-22 |archive-date=2018-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212022245/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/dr-sten-odenwald/waiting-for-the-next-suns_b_11812282.html |url-status=live }}{{cite journal |last1=McIntosh |first1=Scott W. |last2=Wang |first2=Xin |last3=Leamon |first3=Robert J. |last4=Davey |first4=Alisdair R. |last5=Howe |first5=Rachel |last6=Krista |first6=Larisza D. |last7=Malanushenko |first7=Anna V. |last8=Markel |first8=Robert S. |last9=Cirtain |first9=Jonathan W. |last10=Gurman |first10=Joseph B. |last11=Pesnell |first11=William D. |last12=Thompson |first12=Michael J. |title=Deciphering Solar magnetic activity: On the relationship between the sunspot cycle and the evolution of small magnetic features |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |date=8 August 2014 |volume=792 |issue=1 |pages=12 |doi=10.1088/0004-637X/792/1/12 |arxiv=1403.3071 |bibcode=2014ApJ...792...12M|s2cid=118418019 }}

Predictions

Widely varying predictions regarding the strength of cycle 25 ranged from very weak with suggestions of slow slide in to a Maunder minimum like state{{cite journal |last1=Kitiashvili |first1=Irina N. |title=Global evolution of solar magnetic fields and prediction of activity cycles |journal=Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union |date=June 2019 |volume=15 |issue=S354 |pages=147–156 |doi=10.1017/S174392132000071X |quote=According to this analysis, Solar Cycle 25 will be weaker than the current cycle and will start after an extended solar minimum during 2019 – 2021.|arxiv=2003.04563 }} to a weak cycle similar to previous cycle 24 and even a strong cycle.{{cite journal|last1=McIntosh|first1=Scott W.|last2=Chapman|first2=Sandra C.|last3=Leamon|first3=Robert J.|last4=Egeland|first4=Ricky|last5=Watkins|first5=Nicholas W.|date=2020-06-26|title=Overlapping Magnetic Activity Cycles and the Sunspot Number: Forecasting Sunspot Cycle 25 Amplitude|journal=Solar Physics|volume=295|issue=12|page=163|doi=10.1007/s11207-020-01723-y|arxiv=2006.15263|bibcode=2020SoPh..295..163M|s2cid=220250556}} Upton and Hathaway predicted that the weakness of cycle 25 would make it part of the Modern Gleissberg Minimum.

The Solar Cycle 25 Prediction Panel predicted in December 2019{{Cite web | url=https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/news/solar-cycle-25-forecast-update | title=Solar Cycle 25 Forecast Update | NOAA / NWS Space Weather Prediction Center | access-date=2020-01-09 | archive-date=2021-03-21 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321013820/https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/news/solar-cycle-25-forecast-update | url-status=live }} that solar cycle 25 will be similar to {{nobr|solar cycle 24}}, with the preceding solar cycle minimum in April 2020 (± 6 months), and the number of sunspots reaching a (smoothed) maximum of 115 in July 2025 (± 8 months). This prediction is in line with the current general agreement in the scientific literature, which holds that solar cycle 25 will be weaker than average (i.e. weaker than during the exceptionally strong Modern Maximum).{{cite journal |last1=Bhowmik |first1=Prantika |last2=Nandy |first2=Dibyendu |title=Prediction of the strength and timing of sunspot cycle 25 reveal decadal-scale space environmental conditions |journal=Nature Communications |date=6 December 2018 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=5209 |doi=10.1038/s41467-018-07690-0 |pmid=30523260 |pmc=6283837 |bibcode=2018NatCo...9.5209B |arxiv=1909.04537 }} However, observations from 2020 to 2022, the first three years of the cycle, significantly exceeded predicted values.{{Cite web |work=climateimpactcompany.com |url=https://climateimpactcompany.com/solar-cycle-25-continues-to-strengthen-rapidly-3/ |title=Solar Cycle 25 Continues to Strengthen Rapidly |date=10 July 2022 |access-date=2022-12-21 |archive-date=2022-12-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221161332/https://climateimpactcompany.com/solar-cycle-25-continues-to-strengthen-rapidly-3/ |url-status=live }}

class="wikitable"

|+ Cycle 25 predictions

! Source

! Date

! Cycle max

! Cycle start

! Cycle end

Thompson, M.J. et al.

| August 2014

|

| Q4 2019

|

Zharkova, V. et al 2014, 2015.{{cite journal |last1=Shepherd |first1=Simon J. |last2=Zharkov |first2=Sergei I. |last3=Zharkova |first3=Valentina V. |title=Prediction of solar activity from solar background magnetic field variations in cycles 21–23 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |date=13 October 2014 |volume=795 |issue=1 |pages=46 |doi=10.1088/0004-637X/795/1/46 |bibcode=2014ApJ...795...46S |hdl=10454/10790 |s2cid=29947523 |hdl-access=free }} (Northumbria U.)

| October 2014

| 65 (80% of cycle 24)

|

|

Upton, L.A. and Hathaway, D.H.{{cite journal |last1=Upton |first1=Lisa A. |last2=Hathaway |first2=David H. |title=An updated solar cycle 25 prediction with AFT: The modern minimum |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=45 |issue=16 |date=28 August 2018 |pages=8091–8095 |doi=10.1029/2018GL078387|arxiv=1808.04868 |bibcode=2018GeoRL..45.8091U |s2cid=118913702 }} (Solar Observatories Group, Stanford University)

| December 2018

| 78 (95% of cycle 24)

| Late 2020 – Early 2021

|

Xu, J.C. et al.{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=F.Y. |last2=Kong |first2=D.F. |last3=Xie |first3=J.L. |last4=Xiang |first4=N.B. |last5=Xu |first5=J.C. |title=Solar cycle characteristics and their application in the prediction of cycle 25 |journal=Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics |date=December 2018 |volume=181 |pages=110–115 |doi=10.1016/j.jastp.2018.10.014 |bibcode=2018JASTP.181..110L |s2cid=125789139 }} (Chinese Academy of Sciences)

| August 2018

| 168.5 ± 16.3 (2024)

| October 2020

|

Bhowmik, P. and Nandy, D. (IISER Kolkata)

| December 2018

| 124 ± 15 (2023–2025)

| 2020

| after 2031

Ozguc, A. et al.{{cite journal |last1=Sarp |first1=V |last2=Kilcik |first2=A |last3=Yurchyshyn |first3=V |last4=Rozelot |first4=J P |last5=Ozguc |first5=A |title=Prediction of solar cycle 25: a non-linear approach |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |date=December 2018 |volume=481 |issue=3 |pages=2981–2985 |doi=10.1093/mnras/sty2470 |bibcode=2018MNRAS.481.2981S |doi-access=free }} (Harvard U-ty)

| December 2018

| 154 ± 12 (2023.2±1.1)

|

|

NOAA / SSRC{{cite news |first=Joe |last=Kunches |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2019/04/11/scientists-predict-new-solar-cycle-is-about-begin-that-it-will-be-stronger-than-last-one/ |date=2019-04-11 |title=Scientists predict a new solar cycle is about to begin and that it might be stronger than the last one |newspaper=Washington Post |access-date=2019-04-12 |archive-date=2021-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203165738/https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2019/04/11/scientists-predict-new-solar-cycle-is-about-begin-that-it-will-be-stronger-than-last-one/ |url-status=live }}

| April 2019

| 117 ± 23 (2023–2026)

| mid-2019 – late 2020

|

NASA{{cite web |url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/ames/solar-activity-forecast-for-next-decade-favorable-for-exploration |title=Solar activity forecast for next decade favorable for exploration |date=12 June 2019 |publisher=NASA Ames |access-date=16 September 2019 |archive-date=6 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210406090903/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/ames/solar-activity-forecast-for-next-decade-favorable-for-exploration/ |url-status=live }}

| June 2019

| 70 ± 29 (30–50% lower than Cycle 24 (2025))

| 2020

|

NOAA / SSRC (update){{cite news |url=https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/news/solar-cycle-25-forecast-update |date=2019-12-09 |title=SOLAR CYCLE 25 FORECAST UPDATE |newspaper=SPACE WEATHER PREDICTION CENTER – NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION |access-date=2020-01-09 |archive-date=2021-03-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321013820/https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/news/solar-cycle-25-forecast-update |url-status=live }}

| December 2019

| 115 ± 10 (July 2025)

| April 2020 (± 6 months)

|

Mcintosh et al.{{cite journal |last1=McIntosh |first1=Scott W. |last2=Chapman |first2=Sandra C. |last3=Leamon |first3=Robert J. |last4=Egeland |first4=Ricky |last5=Watkins |first5=Nicholas W. |title=Overlapping Magnetic Activity Cycles and the Sunspot Number: Forecasting Sunspot Cycle 25 Amplitude |journal=Solar Physics |pages=163 |doi=10.1007/s11207-020-01723-y |date=December 2020|volume=295 |issue=12 |arxiv=2006.15263 |bibcode=2020SoPh..295..163M |s2cid=220250556 }}{{cite web |title=Solar Cycle 25: The Overachiever |url=https://www.spaceweatherlive.com/en/news/view/466/20220411-solar-cycle-25-the-overachiever.html |website=Space Weather Live |access-date=12 April 2022 |archive-date=11 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411173446/https://www.spaceweatherlive.com/en/news/view/466/20220411-solar-cycle-25-the-overachiever.html |url-status=live }}

| June 2020

| 229 ± 25

|

|

Mcintosh et al.

| December 2020

| 190 ± 20

|

|

National Center for Atmospheric Research{{cite news |first=Matthew |last=Cappucci |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2020/12/19/solar-cycle-prediction-mcintosh/ |date=2020-12-19 |title=Maverick astrophysicist calls for unusually intense solar cycle, straying from consensus view |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=2021-01-07 |archive-date=2021-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109172300/https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2020/12/19/solar-cycle-prediction-mcintosh/?outputType=amp |url-status=live }}

| December 2020

| 233

|

|

de Jager, C. and Duhau, S. {{cite news |first=Kees |last=de Jager|url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020smvc.book.....D%2F/abstract |date=2020-12-01 |title=Solar magnetic variability and climate |publisher=Stip Media|bibcode=2020smvc.book.....D |access-date=2023-11-16 |archive-date=2023-11-16 |archive-url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020smvc.book.....D%2F/abstract?outputType=amp |url-status=live }}

| December 2020

| 160 ± 8 (2025 ± 1)

|

|

bgcolor="lightgrey"

|Actual, for comparison

|Present

|>141.3

|December 2019

| –

Progress

File:Cycle24 25 butterfly.jpg instruments operated by NISP/NSO/AURA/NSF.]]

As of April 2018, the Sun showed signs of a reverse magnetic polarity sunspot appearing and beginning this solar cycle.{{Cite news |url=https://www.spaceweatherlive.com/en/news/view/338/20180417-coronal-hole-faces-earth |title=Coronal hole faces Earth |website=Space Weather Live |access-date=2018-04-24 |language=en |archive-date=2018-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921034230/https://www.spaceweatherlive.com/en/news/view/338/20180417-coronal-hole-faces-earth |url-status=live }} It is typical during the transition from one cycle to the next to experience a period where sunspots of both polarities exist (during the solar minimum). The polarward reversed polarity sunspots suggested that a transition to cycle 25 was in process.{{cite web |url=https://spaceweatherarchive.com/2018/11/20/a-sunspot-from-the-next-solar-cycle/ |title=A sunspot from the next solar cycle |last=Phillips |first=Tony |date=November 20, 2018 |website=SpaceWeather.com |access-date=2018-12-13 |archive-date=2020-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201112555/https://spaceweatherarchive.com/2018/11/20/a-sunspot-from-the-next-solar-cycle/ |url-status=live }} The first cycle 25 sunspot may have appeared in early April 2018{{cite news |url=http://www.solen.info/solar/cycle25_spots.html |title=Cycle 25 observations in SDO HMI imagery |access-date=2018-05-04 |language=en |archive-date=2020-04-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410193633/http://www.solen.info/solar/cycle25_spots.html |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=http://sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/~tohban/wiki/index.php/A_Sunspot_from_Cycle_25_for_sure |title=A sunspot from cycle 25 for sure |first=Hugh |last=Hudson |date=10 April 2018 |publisher=RHESSI project |access-date=2018-11-22 |archive-date=2020-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919232723/https://sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/~tohban/wiki/index.php/A_Sunspot_from_Cycle_25_for_sure |url-status=live }} or even December 2016.

In November 2019, two reversed polarity sunspots appeared, possibly signaling the onset of cycle 25.{{Cite web |url=https://www.nso.edu/blog/do-we-see-a-dawn-of-solar-cycle-25/ |title=Do we see a dawn of solar cycle 25? |website=National Solar Observatory |date=25 November 2019|access-date=2019-11-26|archive-date=2020-11-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126070541/https://nso.edu/blog/do-we-see-a-dawn-of-solar-cycle-25/|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|url=https://spaceweather.com/archive.php?view=1&day=24&month=12&year=2019|title=Spaceweather.com Time Machine|website=spaceweather.com|access-date=2019-12-26|archive-date=2020-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920165952/https://spaceweather.com/archive.php?view=1&day=24&month=12&year=2019|url-status=live}}

Nandy et al., analyzed the polarity orientation of bipolar magnetic regions observed in December 2019 and concluded that magnetic regions with the underlying orientation of solar cycle 25 toroidal field component were brewing in the solar convection zone, representing early signs of the new cycle.{{cite journal |last1=Nandy |first1=Dibyendu |last2=Bhatnagar |first2=Aditi |last3=Pal |first3=Sanchita |title=Sunspot Cycle 25 is Brewing: Early Signs Herald its Onset |journal=Research Notes of the AAS |date=2 March 2020 |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=30 |doi=10.3847/2515-5172/ab79a1 |bibcode=2020RNAAS...4...30N |s2cid=216379844 |doi-access=free }}

Supersynoptic (time vs. solar latitude) map of the radial component of the solar magnetic field for cycles 24–25 based on observations from the Global Oscillations Network Group (GONG) shows magnetic activity of cycle 25 beginning November 2019 at about 30 degree latitudes in both solar hemispheres. {{cite journal |last1=Pevtsov |first1=Alexei A. |last2=Bertello |first2=Luca |last3=Nagovitsyn |first3=Yury A. |last4=Tlatov |first4=Andrey G. |last5=Pipin |first5=Valery V. |title= Long-term studies of photospheric magnetic fields on the Sun |journal=J. Space Weather Space Clim. |volume=11 |date=22 January 2021 |pages=4|doi=10.1051/swsc/2020069 |bibcode=2021JSWSC..11....4P |doi-access=free }}

A more recent supersynoptic map is available.{{Cite web|url=https://gonewithsolarwind.com/index.php/images/|title=Time vs. solar latitude diagram of the radial component of the solar magnetic field (supersynoptic map of "butterfly" diagram|first=Alexei|last=Pevtsov|date=13 March 2021|access-date=2021-03-13|archive-date=2022-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217024930/https://gonewithsolarwind.com/index.php/images/|url-status=live}}

The following table gives the number of days so far in cycle 25 against the number up to the same point in cycle 24, which have passed various thresholds for the numbers of sunspots.

class="wikitable"

! |Counts

! {{Yes|SC 24
to end of 2013}}

! {{No|SC 24
to Oct 13 2013}}

! {{No|SC 25
to Oct 13 2024}}

style="text-align:center;"

|≥100

|{{Yes|408}}

|{{No|343}}

|{{No|641}}

style="text-align:center;"

|≥125

|{{Yes|194}}

|{{No|156}}

|{{No|447}}

style="text-align:center;"

|≥150

|{{Yes|63}}

|{{No|52}}

|{{No|273}}

style="text-align:center;"

|≥175

|{{Yes|12}}

|{{No|8}}

|{{No|136}}

style="text-align:center;"

|≥200

|{{Yes|1}}

|{{No|1}}

|{{No|70}}

style="text-align:center;"

|≥225

|{{Yes|0}}

|{{No|0}}

|{{No|29}}

style="text-align:center;"

|≥250

|{{Yes|0}}

|{{No|0}}

|{{No|12}}

style="text-align:center;"

|≥275

|{{Yes|0}}

|{{No|0}}

|{{No|5}}

style="text-align:center;"

As at Oct 13, 2024, solar cycle 25 is averaging 40% more spots per day than solar cycle 24 at the same point in the cycle (Oct 13, 2013).

  • Year 1 of SC25 (Dec 2019 to Nov 2020) averaged 101% more spots per day than year 1 of SC24.
  • Year 2 of SC25 (Dec 2020 to Nov 2021) averaged 7% more spots per day than year 2 of SC24.
  • Year 3 of SC25 (Dec 2021 to Nov 2022) averaged 8% more spots per day than year 3 of SC24.
  • Year 4 of SC25 (Dec 2022 to Nov 2023) averaged 41% more spots per day than year 4 of SC24.
  • Year 5 of SC25 (Dec 1, 2023 to Oct 13, 2024) is currently averaging 81% more spots per day than the corresponding period of SC24.

Events

The strongest flares of Solar Cycle 25 (above M5.0 class) and related events

class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;"

! Class !! Date !! Sunspot
region !! Radio B. !! SR Storm !! CME !! GM Storm

bgcolor="FFCCCC"| X9.052024-10-033842R3–YesG2
bgcolor="FFCCCC"| X8.792024-05-143664R3–Yes?
bgcolor="FFCCCC"| X7.152024-10-013842R3–Yes–
bgcolor="FFCCCC"| X6.372024-02-233590R3–No–
bgcolor="FFCCCC"| X5.892024-05-113664R3S2Yes?
bgcolor="FFCCCC"| X5.012023‑12‑313536R3S1Yes–
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X4.542024-09-143825R3S1YesG3
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X4.522024-05-063663R3–YesG5
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X3.982024-05-103664R3S2YesG5
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X3.482024-05-153664R3–Yes?
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X3.382024-02-093575R3S2Yes–
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X3.332024-10-243869R3–Yes?
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X2.992024-05-153685R3S1Yes?
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X2.92024-05-273697R3–Yes–
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X2.872023‑12‑143514R3S1YesG1
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X2.562024-02-163576R3S0Yes–
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X2.392024-11-063883R3–YesG2
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X2.282023‑02‑173229R3–Yes–
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X2.252022‑04‑202992R3–Yes–
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X2.252024-05-093664R3S2YesG5
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X2.22024-12-083912R3–Yes–
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X2.192024-10-073842R3S1Yes?
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X2.072023‑03‑033234R3–Yes–
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X2.032024-10-313878R3–Yes–
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X2.032025‑02‑234001R3–Yes–
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X2.02024-07-163738R3–Yes?
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X1.982023‑01‑093184R3–No–
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X1.92024-02-213590R3–No–
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X1.862024-10-263872R3S1Yes?
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X1.852025-01-043947R3–No–
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X1.842024-10-093848R3S3YesG4
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X1.722024-05-143664R3–Yes?
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X1.72024-02-223590R3–No–
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X1.692024-05-023663R3–Yes–
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X1.632023‑08‑053386R3S1Yes–
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X1.592021‑07‑032838R3–Yes–
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X1.572024-07-293764R3–No–
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X1.552024-06-103697R3–Yes?
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X1.542024-05-113664R3–No–
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X1.512022‑05‑103006R3–No–
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X1.512023‑08‑073386R3S1Yes–
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X1.452024-05-293697R3S0Yes?
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X1.432024-06-013697R3–No–
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X1.382022‑03‑302975R3S1YesG1
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X1.322024-05-053663R3–No–
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X1.32024-09-123825R3–No–
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X1.292024-05-053663R3–No–
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X1.272023‑03‑293256R3–Yes–
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X1.272024-07-143738R3–No–
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X1.252024-05-143664R3–Yes?
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X1.222023‑01‑063182R3–No–
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X1.22025-01-033947R3–No–
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X1.182024-05-313697R3–No–
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X1.172022‑04‑172994R3–Yes–
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X1.162023‑02‑113217R3–No–
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X1.132022‑04‑302994R3–Yes–
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X1.132022‑05‑033006R3–No–
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X1.122024-03-233614R3S2YesG4
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X1.122024-03-293615R3–Yes–
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X1.122024-05-093664R3S2YesG5
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X1.112023‑06‑203341R3–Yes–
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X1.112023‑12-293936R3–Yes–
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X1.12025-01-033947R3–No–
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X1.082023‑07‑023354R3–No–
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X1.082024-05-083663R3–No–
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X1.062022‑10‑023110R3–Yes–
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X1.062023‑01‑103186R3–Yes–
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X1.042024-05-083663R3–YesG5
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X1.032024-06-013697R3???
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X1.022024-05-083664R3–No–
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X1.022024-05-123664R3–No–
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X1.02021‑10‑282887R3S1Yes–
M9.922024-07-283762R2–No–
M9.872024-05-083664R2–YesG5
M9.822023‑11‑283500R2–YesG3
M9.762024-03-283615R2–No–
M9.752024-06-083697R2S3Yes?
M9.672022‑03‑312975R2–Yes
M9.662022‑04‑212993R2–Yes–
M9.622023‑05‑163310R2No–
M9.562024-06-103697R2–Yes?
M9.532023-04-303654R2–No–
M9.492024-11-103889R2–Yes–
M9.452024-11-25–R2–Yes–
M9.422024-03-303615R2–Yes–
M9.42024-07-303772R2–Yes–
M9.392024-03-303615R2–Yes–
M9.362024-06-233723R2–No–
M9.132024-05-043663R2–No–
M9.102024-05-043663R2–No–
M9.052024-12-233932R2–Yes–
M9.042024-02-103576R2S1Yes–
M8.962023‑05‑203311R2–No–
M8.882025-02-033981R2–No–
M8.872024-05-113664R2S2Yes–
M8.772022‑10‑023110R2–YesG1
M8.772024-07-293762R2–Yes?
M8.722023‑09‑213435R2–YesG2
M8.692024-05-083664R2–YesG5
M8.672022‑08‑293088R2–No–
M8.622023‑02‑283234R2–Yes–
M8.422024-05-053663R2–No–
M8.292024-05-073663R2–No–
M8.242024-08-013772R2–No–
M8.232023‑09‑203435R2–No–
M7.922022‑09‑163098R2–No–
M7.922024-05-083664R2–No–
M7.882024-07-283766R2–No–
M7.792024-07-283762R2–No–
M7.752024-07-313772R2–No–
M7.692025-02-063981R2–No–
M7.682024-09-303842R2–No–
M7.642025-01-043947R2–No–
M7.62025-02-073981R2–No–
M7.482024-03-203615R2–No–
M7.472024-05-053663R2–No–
M7.432024-03-103599R2S0Yes–
M7.432024-08-043768R2-Yes-
M7.42025-01-173964R2-No-
M7.352024-06-013697R2-Yes?
M7.342024-12-263938R2-No-
M7.32024-08-043775R2-No-
M7.292022‑04‑202992R2-Yes-
M7.272023‑05‑033293R2-No-
M7.252024-05-173685R2?Yes?
M7.242022‑08‑263089R2-Yes-
M7.172024-05-083664R2-No-
M7.142024-12-293936R2-No-
M7.122023‑05‑013288R2-No-
M7.12024-03-283615R2-No-
M6.972023‑07‑123372R2-No-
M6.972023‑12‑153514R2-YesG1
M6.832023‑07‑113368R2-No-
M6.832024-01-293559R2S2Yes-
M6.772024-03-183615R2-No-
M6.732022‑08‑283088R2-Yes-
M6.72024-12-113912R2-No-
M6.662024-05-133664R2S2Yes?
M6.572023‑05‑093296R2-Yes-
M6.512024-07-293772R2-Yes-
M6.52023‑05‑203311R2-No-
M6.52024-02-123576R2-No-
M6.462024-12-103922R2-No-
M6.392023‑02‑073213R2-No-
M6.362022‑12‑143165R2-No-
M6.352023‑02‑253229R2S1YesG3
M6.22022‑09‑163098R2-No-
M6.142024-03-283615R2-No-
M6.122024-06-063697R2-No-
M6.072024-08-013772R2-No-
M6.042024-07-313772R2-No-
M6.032023‑01‑153191R2-Yes-
M6.012023‑09‑033413R2-Yes-
M5.972024-05-103664R2-No-
M5.862022‑10‑013110R2-YesG1
M5.862023‑07‑113372R2-No-
M5.842023‑12‑143514R2-YesG1
M5.82023‑03‑063243R2-Yes-
M5.762022‑05‑043004R2-No-
M5.762024-06-203719R2-No-
M5.742022‑12‑153165R2-No-
M5.732024-05-293691R2-No-
M5.722023‑07‑173363R2S2Yes-
M5.682023‑05‑203311R2-No-
M5.672023‑01‑113184R2-Yes-
M5.542022‑05‑193014R2-No-
M5.512023‑08‑063386R2-Yes-
M5.52022‑01‑202929R2S1Yes-
M5.492023‑12‑083511R2-No-
M5.472024-04-113639R2-Yes-
M5.462024-08-033775R2-No-
M5.412023‑03‑303256R2S0Yes-
M5.392022‑08‑263089R2-No-
M5.392023‑05‑193311R2-No-
M5.392024-07-313772R2-No-
M5.352024-07-133738R2-No-
M5.342024-06-123697R2-No-
M5.322022‑05‑043006R2-No-
M5.272022‑03‑043234R2-Yes-
M5.252022‑11‑073141R2-No-
M5.22023‑05‑203311R2-No-
M5.182024-02-073575R2-Yes-
M5.182024-05-073663R2-No-
M5.152023‑01‑103186R2S0Yes-
M5.152025-02-023977R2-No-
M5.122024-01-233559R2-Yes-
M5.092023‑02‑213234R2-Yes-
M5.082022‑08‑163078R2-No-
M5.072024-07-133738R2-No-
M5.052024-07-173743R2-No-
M5.042023‑03‑053243R2-No-
M5.022023‑05‑093296R2-No-

Farside flares (above M5.0 class) observed by STIX{{cite web |title=STIX solar flare list |url=https://datacenter.stix.i4ds.net/view/flares/list |website=datacenter.stix.i4ds.net |access-date=21 May 2024}}

class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;"

! Class !! Date !! Sunspot
region !! Class
(seen from
Earth)

bgcolor="FFAA99"| X142024-07-223738-
bgcolor="FFAA99"| X122024-05-203664-
bgcolor="FFCCCC"| X92023-07-163368-
bgcolor="FFCCCC"| X92024-05-153664X3.48
bgcolor="FFCCCC"| X92024-05-153664-
bgcolor="FFCCCC"| X72024-07-243738-
bgcolor="FFCCCC"| X62023-01-033182C4.06
bgcolor="FFCCCC"| X62023-07-163368-
bgcolor="FFCCCC"| X62023-12-313536X5.01
bgcolor="FFCCCC"| X62024-05-173664-
bgcolor="FFCCCC"| X52024-05-163664-
bgcolor="FFCCCC"| X52024-11-213889C5.99
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X42023-09-083413-
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X42023-09-113413-
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X42024-08-043738-
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X32024-04-03?-
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X32024-06-113697-
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X32024-06-133697-
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X32024-06-173697-
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X22022-04-302994M1.99
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X22023-07-103354-
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X22024-02-02?-
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X22024-05-143664X1.25
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X12020-11-182786-
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X12022-05-012994C1.9
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X12022-08-293088M8.68
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X12022-08-303088M1.7
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X12022-08-303088C7.18
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X12022-09-293112C5.76
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X12022-12-273180-
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X12023-05-143310-
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X12023-05-233323-
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X12023-07-073354-
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X12023-07-083354-
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X12023-07-133360-
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X12023-07-143372-
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X12023-07-183368-
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X12023-07-24?-
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X12024-05-253664-
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X12024-06-163697-
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X12024-07-243738-
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X12024-07-253738-
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X12024-07-273738-
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X12024-07-283738-
bgcolor="FFEECC"| X12024-08-023738M1.33
M92022-05-052994-
M92022-08-293088M4.71
M92022-09-053088-
M92022-09-113089-
M92023-05-303323-
M92023-06-013310-
M92023-07-15?-
M92023-07-183368-
M92024-07-233738-
M82022-05-012994-
M82022-05-102994-
M82022-08-313088-
M82022-09-103089-
M82022-12-273180-
M82023-05-143310-
M82023-06-04?-
M82023-01-103549C9.64
M82024-07-303738-
M72022-01-12?-
M72022-01-25?C3.79
M72022-05-052994-
M72022-05-102994-
M72022-08-303088C7.57
M72022-09-113089-
M72023-01-103190-
M72023-05-253323-
M72023-07-113354-
M72024-06-10?-
M72024-06-173697-
M62022-04-302994M4.82
M62022-05-012994-
M62022-05-012994-
M62022-05-052994-
M62022-09-173098M2.61
M62023-02-143229-
M62023-02-203234M4.43
M62023-07-073354-
M62023-07-093354–
M62023-07-093354-
M62023-07-093354-
M62023-07-113372M1.17
M62023-07-133360-
M62023-07-193363M3.81
M62023-07-223363-
M62023-10-313477-
M62024-01-103549C7.01
M62024-06-133697-
M62024-06-173697-
M62024-07-293738-
M52021-07-15?-
M52022-04-192992M3.71
M52022-05-173014C9.91
M52022-08-293088M2.58
M52022-09-013088-
M52022-09-143089-
M52022-09-293112-
M52022-12-283180C6.09
M52023-05-123310-
M52023-05-163310-
M52023-06-08?-
M52023-07-16?-
M52023-08-083387M3.67
M52023-08-083387-
M52024-05-123685-
M52024-05-143685-
M52024-05-163664-
M52024-05-163664-
M52024-05-223664-
M52024-06-28?–
M52024-07-03?–
M52024-07-243738–

class="wikitable"

|+Solar flares by year

|{{ #invoke:Chart | bar chart

| height = 275

| float = right

| width = 600

| stack = 1

| group 1 = 0 : 0 : 0 : 19 : 32 : 51 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0

| group 2 = 0 : 0 : 2 : 7 : 13 : 29 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0

| group 3 = 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 1 : 5 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0

| group names = M5–M9 : X1–X5 : X5–X9

| colors = #ffdd00 : #ff9900 : #ff3300

| x legends = 2019 : 2020 : 2021 : 2022 : 2023 : 2024 : 2025 : 2026 : 2027 : 2028 : 2029 : 2030

}}

class="wikitable"

|+Number of days at geomagnetic storm intensity

|{{ #invoke:Chart | bar chart

| height = 300

| float = right

| width = 600

| stack = 1

| group 1 = 84 : 109 : 73 : 33 : 33 : 27 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0

| group 2 = 138 : 128 : 112 : 73 : 85 : 64 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0

| group 3 = 91 : 90 : 94 : 127 : 126 : 74 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0

| group 4 = 34 : 30 : 59 : 77 : 70 : 25 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0

| group 5 = 16 : 8 : 21 : 45 : 32 : 10 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0

| group 6 = 2 : 1 : 4 : 8 : 12 : 6 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0

| group 7 = 0 : 0 : 1 : 2 : 4 : 3 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0

| group 8 = 0 : 0 : 1 : 0 : 3 : 2 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0

| group 9 = 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 2 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0

| group names = Kp1 : Kp2 : Kp3 : Kp4 : Kp5 (G1) : Kp6 (G2) : Kp7 (G3) : Kp8 (G4) : Kp9 (G5)

| colors = #ddffc0 : #bbe695 : #93b872 : #769759 : #f4ff84 : #e5c958 : #d59b19 : #d04c4c : #000000

| x legends = 2019 : 2020 : 2021 : 2022 : 2023 : 2024 : 2025 : 2026 : 2027 : 2028 : 2029 : 2030

}}

=2020=

class="wikitable"

|+Solar flares in 2020{{cite web |title=Aurora and solar activity archive |url=https://www.spaceweatherlive.com/en/archive/2020/01.html |website=spaceweatherlive.com |access-date=10 December 2020 |archive-date=17 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217053007/https://www.spaceweatherlive.com/en/archive/2020/01.html |url-status=live }}

|{{ #invoke:Chart | bar chart

| height = 300

| float = right

| width = 600

| stack = 1

| group 1 = 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 2 : 0 : 0 : 2 : 1 : 13 : 52 : 11

| group 2 = 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 1 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 1 : 0

| group 3 = 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0

| group names = C : M : X

| colors = #ffdd00 : #ff9900 : #ff3300

| x legends = Jan : Feb : Mar : Apr : May : Jun : Jul : Aug: Sep : Oct : Nov : Dec

}}

class="wikitable"

|+Number of days at geomagnetic storm intensity in 2020

|{{ #invoke:Chart | bar chart

| height = 300

| float = right

| width = 600

| stack = 1

| group 1 = 9 : 2 : 1 : 5 : 11 : 14 : 16 : 11 : 10 : 10 : 10 : 10

| group 2 = 11 : 13 : 16 : 11 : 17 : 10 : 9 : 9 : 6 : 7 : 9 : 10

| group 3 = 9 : 9 : 11 : 11 : 3 : 5 : 3 : 9 : 5 : 6 : 10 : 9

| group 4 = 2 : 5 : 3 : 2 : 0 : 1 : 3 : 0 : 5 : 7 : 0 : 2

| group 5 = 0 : 0 : 0 : 1 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 2 : 3 : 1 : 1 : 0

| group 6 = 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 1 : 0 : 0 : 0

| group 7 = 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0

| group 8 = 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0

| group 9 = 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0

| group names = Kp1 : Kp2 : Kp3 : Kp4 : Kp5 (G1) : Kp6 (G2) : Kp7 (G3) : Kp8 (G4) : Kp9 (G5)

| colors = #ddffc0 : #bbe695 : #93b872 : #769759 : #f4ff84 : #e5c958 : #d59b19 : #d04c4c : #000000

| x legends = Jan : Feb : Mar : Apr : May : Jun : Jul : Aug: Sep : Oct : Nov : Dec

}}

{{clear}}

On 29 May, the first C-class solar flares of Solar Cycle 25 took place, as well as the first M-class flare. Solar activity continued to increase in the following months, especially abruptly in October, with flares taking place on a near-daily basis by November. On 29 November, an M4.4 flare, the strongest of the cycle to date, took place, possibly indicating that the solar cycle would be more active than initially thought.{{cite news |title=M4.44 solar flare |url=https://www.spaceweatherlive.com/en/news/view/420/20201129-m4-44-solar-flare.html |access-date=10 December 2020 |work=spaceweatherlive.com |date=29 November 2020 |archive-date=30 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130094135/https://www.spaceweatherlive.com/en/news/view/420/20201129-m4-44-solar-flare.html |url-status=live }}

On 8 December, a small coronal mass ejection was found heading directly towards Earth shortly after a strong C-class solar flare, hitting the planet on 9–10 December and causing bright aurorae at high latitudes.{{cite news |title=Earth-directed coronal mass ejection |url=https://www.spaceweatherlive.com/en/news/view/423/20201208-earth-directed-coronal-mass-ejection.html |access-date=10 December 2020 |work=spaceweatherlive.com |archive-date=13 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213234250/https://www.spaceweatherlive.com/en/news/view/423/20201208-earth-directed-coronal-mass-ejection.html |url-status=live }}{{cite news |last1=Van Dam |first1=Derek |title=Sun launches explosion of electromagnetic energy towards Earth: Geomagnetic Storm Watch issued |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/12/09/us/northern-lights-display-wednesday-night-scn/index.html |access-date=10 December 2020 |work=CNN |publisher=CNN |date=9 December 2020 |archive-date=20 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320063728/https://www.cnn.com/2020/12/09/us/northern-lights-display-wednesday-night-scn/index.html |url-status=live }}

=2021=

class="wikitable"

|+Solar flares in 2021{{cite web |title=Aurora and solar activity archive |url=https://www.spaceweatherlive.com/en/archive/2021/01.html |website=spaceweatherlive.com |access-date=23 February 2021 |archive-date=17 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217025438/https://www.spaceweatherlive.com/en/archive/2021/01.html |url-status=live }}

|{{ #invoke:Chart | bar chart

| height = 300

| float = right

| width = 600

| stack = 1

| group 1 = 2 : 2 : 2 : 20 : 37 : 11 : 22 : 32 : 33 : 67 : 17 : 153

| group 2 = 0 : 0 : 0 : 1 : 4 : 0 : 3 : 1 : 1 : 6 : 3 : 8

| group 3 = 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 1 : 0 : 0 : 1 : 0 : 0

| group names = C : M : X

| colors = #ffdd00 : #ff9900 : #ff3300

| x legends = Jan : Feb : Mar : Apr : May : Jun : Jul : Aug: Sep : Oct : Nov : Dec

}}

class="wikitable"

|+Number of days at geomagnetic storm intensity in 2021

|{{ #invoke:Chart | bar chart

| height = 300

| float = right

| width = 600

| stack = 1

| group 1 = 16 : 2 : 3 : 5 : 11 : 8 : 6 : 7 : 5 : 4 : 3 : 3

| group 2 = 6 : 6 : 5 : 9 : 13 : 12 : 12 : 10 : 11 : 12 : 6 : 10

| group 3 = 3 : 8 : 11 : 7 : 2 : 5 : 11 : 9 : 8 : 6 : 11 : 13

| group 4 = 5 : 11 : 5 : 5 : 2 : 4 : 2 : 3 : 5 : 7 : 6 : 4

| group 5 = 1 : 1 : 5 : 4 : 2 : 1 : 0 : 2 : 1 : 1 : 2 : 1

| group 6 = 0 : 0 : 2 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 1 : 1 : 0

| group 7 = 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 1 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0

| group 8 = 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 1 : 0

| group 9 = 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0

| group names = Kp1 : Kp2 : Kp3 : Kp4 : Kp5 (G1) : Kp6 (G2) : Kp7 (G3) : Kp8 (G4) : Kp9 (G5)

| colors = #ddffc0 : #bbe695 : #93b872 : #769759 : #f4ff84 : #e5c958 : #d59b19 : #d04c4c : #000000

| x legends = Jan : Feb : Mar : Apr : May : Jun : Jul : Aug: Sep : Oct : Nov : Dec

}}

{{clear}}

The first X-class solar flare of the cycle took place on 3 July, peaking at X1.59.{{cite news |title=First X-class solar flare of Solar Cycle 25 |url=https://www.spaceweatherlive.com/en/news/view/436/20210703-first-x-class-solar-flare-of-solar-cycle-25.html |access-date=4 July 2021 |work=Space Weather Live |date=3 July 2021 |archive-date=3 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210703151718/https://www.spaceweatherlive.com/en/news/view/436/20210703-first-x-class-solar-flare-of-solar-cycle-25.html |url-status=live }}

On 22 July, a total of six different active regions were seen on the solar disk for the first time since 6 September 2017.{{cite web |title=Solar max might come a bit early |url=https://www.spaceweather.com/archive.php?view=1&day=03&month=08&year=2021 |website=Space weather |access-date=2021-08-05 |archive-date=2021-08-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805214759/https://www.spaceweather.com/archive.php?view=1&day=03&month=08&year=2021 |url-status=live }}

On 9 October, a M1.6 class solar flare erupted sending a coronal mass ejection that hit Earth on 12 October, triggering a (moderate) G2 geomagnetic storm.{{cite web |title=Geomagnetic Storm: Solar Eruption Arrives at Earth |url=https://scitechdaily.com/geomagnetic-storm-solar-eruption-arrives-at-earth/ |website=SciTechDaily |date=16 October 2021 |access-date=October 17, 2021 |archive-date=17 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017055708/https://scitechdaily.com/geomagnetic-storm-solar-eruption-arrives-at-earth/ |url-status=live }}

The second X-class flare of the solar cycle erupted on 28 October, producing a CME and a S1 solar radiation storm.{{cite web |url=https://www.space.com/sun-unleashes-major-x-class-solar-flare-october-2021 |title=Sun Unleashes Major X-class Solar Flare |website=Space |date=28 October 2021 |access-date=October 28, 2021 |archive-date=9 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109171442/https://www.space.com/sun-unleashes-major-x-class-solar-flare-october-2021 |url-status=live }} Reports initially predicted that the CME could graze Earth, however geomagnetic storms on 30–31 October only reached a moderate K-index of 4.{{cite web |title=The aurora and solar activity archive – October 2021 |url=https://www.spaceweatherlive.com/en/archive/2021/10.html |website=space weather live |access-date=13 November 2021 |archive-date=13 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113030244/https://www.spaceweatherlive.com/en/archive/2021/10.html |url-status=live }}

On 3 and 4 November, the K{{sub|p}} index reached 8−, equivalent to a G4 geomagnetic storm.{{cite web |title=Viewing archive of Thursday, 4 November 2021 |url=https://www.spaceweatherlive.com/en/archive/2021/11/04/kp.html |website=space weather live |access-date=13 November 2021 |archive-date=13 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113031130/https://www.spaceweatherlive.com/en/archive/2021/11/04/kp.html |url-status=live }} This was the most intense geomagnetic storm to hit Earth since September 2017.

=2022=

class="wikitable"

|+Solar flares in 2022{{cite web |title=Aurora and solar activity archive |url=https://www.spaceweatherlive.com/en/archive/2022/01.html |website=spaceweatherlive.com |access-date=1 February 2022 |archive-date=1 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201051102/https://www.spaceweatherlive.com/en/archive/2022/01.html |url-status=live }}

|{{ #invoke:Chart | bar chart

| height = 300

| float = right

| width = 600

| stack = 1

| group 1 = 89 : 97 : 133 : 190 : 207 : 100 : 147 : 197 : 289 : 172 : 153 : 264

| group 2 = 6 : 3 : 13 : 30 : 20 : 3 : 7 : 29 : 13 : 16 : 6 : 32

| group 3 = 0 : 0 : 1 : 3 : 2 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 1 : 0 : 0

| group names = C : M : X

| colors = #ffdd00 : #ff9900 : #ff3300

| x legends = Jan : Feb : Mar : Apr : May : Jun : Jul : Aug: Sep : Oct : Nov : Dec

}}

class="wikitable"

|+Number of days at geomagnetic storm intensity in 2022

|{{ #invoke:Chart | bar chart

| height = 300

| float = right

| width = 600

| stack = 1

| group 1 = 4 : 1 : 0 : 1 : 4 : 4 : 2 : 4 : 2 : 4 : 7 : 0

| group 2 = 4 : 7 : 9 : 4 : 8 : 8 : 9 : 5 : 4 : 3 : 4 : 8

| group 3 = 13 : 9 : 12 : 11 : 13 : 11 : 10 : 8 : 11 : 11 : 9 : 9

| group 4 = 5 : 6 : 4 : 9 : 4 : 4 : 4 : 9 : 9 : 8 : 6 : 9

| group 5 = 4 : 5 : 4 : 3 : 2 : 3 : 6 : 3 : 3 : 4 : 4 : 4

| group 6 = 1 : 0 : 2 : 1 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 1 : 1 : 1 : 0 : 1

| group 7 = 0 : 0 : 0 : 1 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 1 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0

| group 8 = 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0

| group 9 = 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0

| group names = Kp1 : Kp2 : Kp3 : Kp4 : Kp5 (G1) : Kp6 (G2) : Kp7 (G3) : Kp8 (G4) : Kp9 (G5)

| colors = #ddffc0 : #bbe695 : #93b872 : #769759 : #f4ff84 : #e5c958 : #d59b19 : #d04c4c : #000000

| x legends = Jan : Feb : Mar : Apr : May : Jun : Jul : Aug: Sep : Oct : Nov : Dec

}}

{{clear}}

In late March, sunspot region 2975 released X1.3 and M9.6 flares, the former causing a G1 geomagnetic storm on 31 March despite being near the solar limb.{{cite web |title=X1.3 solar flare |url=https://www.spaceweatherlive.com/en/news/view/462/20220330-x1-3-solar-flare.html |website=Spaceweatherlive.com |access-date=21 April 2022 |archive-date=21 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421024739/https://www.spaceweatherlive.com/en/news/view/462/20220330-x1-3-solar-flare.html |url-status=live }} The region rotated out of view of Earth on 5 April, but helioseismic measurements on April 8 showed it still active on the far side of the Sun.{{cite web |title=What's happening on farside of the Sun? |url=https://spaceweather.com/archive.php?view=1&day=09&month=04&year=2022 |website=spaceweather.com |access-date=21 April 2022 |archive-date=21 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421024748/https://spaceweather.com/archive.php?view=1&day=09&month=04&year=2022 |url-status=live }} On 12 April, a Coronal Mass Ejection on the far side likely erupted from the region,{{cite web |title=Farside explosion targets MErcury |url=https://spaceweather.com/archive.php?view=1&day=12&month=04&year=2022 |website=spaceweather.com |access-date=21 April 2022 |archive-date=14 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414094010/https://www.spaceweather.com/archive.php?view=1&day=12&month=04&year=2022 |url-status=live }} with helioseismic measurements showing the region to have intensified since crossing over the limb. As the region began rotating into view from Earth, a possibly X-class flare occurred on 15 April.{{cite web |title=An active sunspot is approaching |url=https://spaceweather.com/archive.php?view=1&day=15&month=04&year=2022 |website=spaceweather.com |access-date=21 April 2022 |archive-date=16 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416212332/https://spaceweather.com/archive.php?view=1&day=15&month=04&year=2022 |url-status=live }}

After rotating to the visible hemisphere of the Sun, the regions of the sunspot complex were designated 2993 through 2996. On 17 April, sunspot group 2994 released an X1.2 flare.{{cite web |title=X-class solar flare (updated) |url=https://spaceweather.com/archive.php?view=1&day=17&month=04&year=2022 |website=spaceweather.com |access-date=21 April 2022 |archive-date=19 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419083743/https://www.spaceweather.com/archive.php?view=1&day=17&month=04&year=2022 |url-status=live }}{{cite web |title=X1.1 solar flare |url=https://www.spaceweatherlive.com/en/news/view/468/20220417-x1-1-solar-flare.html |website=spaceweatherlive.com |access-date=21 April 2022 |archive-date=18 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418053455/https://www.spaceweatherlive.com/en/news/view/468/20220417-x1-1-solar-flare.html |url-status=live }} However, the complex's activity subsided slightly in the next few days.{{cite web |title=M7.3 and X2.2 solar flares |url=https://www.spaceweatherlive.com/en/news/view/469/20220420-m7-3-and-x2-2-solar-flares.html |website=spaceweatherlive.com |access-date=21 April 2022 |archive-date=21 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421024739/https://www.spaceweatherlive.com/en/news/view/469/20220420-m7-3-and-x2-2-solar-flares.html |url-status=live }} While crossing the solar limb, sunspot region 2992 emitted M7.3 and X2.2 flares, the latter being the strongest of the cycle up to that point.

=2023=

class="wikitable"

|+Solar flares in 2023{{cite web |title=Aurora and solar activity archive |url=https://www.spaceweatherlive.com/en/archive/2023/01.html |website=spaceweatherlive.com |access-date=1 February 2023 |archive-date=24 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424161816/https://www.spaceweatherlive.com/en/archive/2023/01.html |url-status=live }}

|{{ #invoke:Chart | bar chart

| height = 300

| float = right

| width = 600

| stack = 1

| group 1 = 232 : 205 : 158 : 211 : 296 : 239 : 275 : 184 : 249 : 192 : 198 : 293

| group 2 = 39 : 49 : 19 : 8 : 54 : 20 : 49 : 25 : 33 : 6 : 17 : 22

| group 3 = 3 : 2 : 2 : 0 : 0 : 1 : 1 : 2 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 2

| group names = C : M : X

| colors = #ffdd00 : #ff9900 : #ff3300

| x legends = Jan : Feb : Mar : Apr : May : Jun : Jul : Aug: Sep : Oct : Nov : Dec

}}

class="wikitable"

|+Number of days at geomagnetic storm intensity in 2023

|{{ #invoke:Chart | bar chart

| height = 300

| float = right

| width = 600

| stack = 1

| group 1 = 2 : 0 : 2 : 1 : 3 : 1 : 5 : 4 : 1 : 5 : 3 : 6

| group 2 = 2 : 7 : 4 : 9 : 6 : 11 : 8 : 12 : 3 : 7 : 9 : 7

| group 3 = 20 : 9 : 9 : 9 : 10 : 11 : 9 : 10 : 12 : 10 : 7 : 10

| group 4 = 5 : 7 : 12 : 8 : 6 : 4 : 6 : 4 : 5 : 5 : 4 : 4

| group 5 = 2 : 2 : 1 : 1 : 3 : 2 : 3 : 0 : 7 : 4 : 4 : 3

| group 6 = 0 : 2 : 1 : 0 : 3 : 1 : 0 : 1 : 2 : 0 : 2 : 0

| group 7 = 0 : 1 : 1 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 1 : 1

| group 8 = 0 : 0 : 1 : 2 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0

| group 9 = 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0

| group names = Kp1 : Kp2 : Kp3 : Kp4 : Kp5 (G1) : Kp6 (G2) : Kp7 (G3) : Kp8 (G4) : Kp9 (G5)

| colors = #ddffc0 : #bbe695 : #93b872 : #769759 : #f4ff84 : #e5c958 : #d59b19 : #d04c4c : #000000

| x legends = Jan : Feb : Mar : Apr : May : Jun : Jul : Aug: Sep : Oct : Nov : Dec

}}

{{clear}}

On 24 March, an intense geomagnetic storm hit Earth unexpectedly, reaching a level of G4 and producing auroras as far south as New Mexico. A minor CME from an M1 flare was predicted to hit the day earlier, but the timing and intensity were unexpected.{{cite web |title=Spaceweather.com Time Machine |url=https://spaceweather.com/archive.php?view=1&day=24&month=03&year=2023 |website=spaceweather.com |access-date=13 February 2024}} Later, on 23 and 24 April, more G4 storms hit Earth, on the former day being tied with several days in solar cycle 24 for the strongest storm since 2005.{{cite news |last1=Phillips |first1=Tony |title=An Earth-Directed Explosion on the Sun |url=https://spaceweatherarchive.com/2023/04/23/an-earth-directed-explosion-on-the-sun/ |access-date=13 February 2024 |work=Spaceweather.com |date=23 April 2023 |language=en}} Auroras were visible as far south as San Antonio, Texas.{{cite web |title=Spaceweather.com Time Machine |url=https://spaceweather.com/archive.php?view=1&day=24&month=04&year=2023 |website=spaceweather.com |access-date=13 February 2024}}

On 14 December, a solar flare measuring X2.87 was recorded from sunspot region 3514, making it the strongest solar flare of the cycle for just 17 days,{{cite web|title=Major X2.8 solar flare|url=https://www.spaceweatherlive.com/en/news/view/514/20231214-major-x2-8-solar-flare.html|publisher=SpaceWeatherLive|date=December 14, 2023|accessdate=December 15, 2023}} as on 31 December, a solar flare measuring X5.0 was recorded from sunspot 3536.{{cite web|title=Major X5.0 solar flare|url=https://www.spaceweatherlive.com/en/news/view/517/20240101-major-x5-0-solar-flare.html|publisher=SpaceWeatherLive|date=January 1, 2024|access-date=January 8, 2024}}

=2024=

class="wikitable"

|+Solar flares in 2024{{cite web |title=Aurora and solar activity archive |url=https://www.spaceweatherlive.com/en/archive/2024/01.html |website=spaceweatherlive.com |access-date=1 February 2024}}

|{{ #invoke:Chart | bar chart

| height = 300

| float = right

| width = 600

| stack = 1

| group 1 = 279 : 243 : 247 : 184 : 234 : 260 : 232 : 223 : 156 : 186 : 219 : 298

| group 2 = 31 : 45 : 48 : 47 : 122 : 53 : 94 : 117 : 66 : 79 : 80 : 87

| group 3 = 0 : 5 : 2 : 0 : 20 : 3 : 3 : 4 : 2 : 8 : 1 : 4

| group names = C : M : X

| colors = #ffdd00 : #ff9900 : #ff3300

| x legends = Jan : Feb : Mar : Apr : May : Jun : Jul : Aug: Sep : Oct : Nov : Dec

}}

class="wikitable"

|+Number of days at geomagnetic storm intensity in 2024

|{{#invoke:Chart | bar chart

| height = 300

| float = right

| width = 600

| stack = 1

| group 1 = 5 : 7 : 2 : 2 : 0 : 4 : 7 : 0 : 0 : 1 : 0 : 3

| group 2 = 15 : 11 : 7 : 6 : 8 : 8 : 9 : 9 : 8 : 5 : 4 : 13

| group 3 = 10 : 8 : 12 : 15 : 10 : 8 : 11 : 11 : 5 : 9 : 17 : 7

| group 4 = 1 : 3 : 5 : 4 : 5 : 6 : 1 : 3 : 13 : 8 : 7 : 7

| group 5 = 0 : 0 : 2 : 2 : 1 : 2 : 3 : 4 : 1 : 4 : 1 : 1

| group 6 = 0 : 0 : 2 : 0 : 3 : 1 : 0 : 2 : 1 : 1 : 1 : 0

| group 7 = 0 : 0 : 0 : 1 : 2 : 0 : 0 : 1 : 2 : 1 : 0 : 0

| group 8 = 0 : 0 : 1 : 0 : 0 : 1 : 0 : 1 : 0 : 1 : 0 : 0

| group 9 = 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 2 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 1 : 0 : 0

| group names = Kp1 : Kp2 : Kp3 : Kp4 : Kp5 (G1) : Kp6 (G2) : Kp7 (G3) : Kp8 (G4) : Kp9 (G5)

| colors = #ddffc0 : #bbe695 : #93b872 : #769759 : #f4ff84 : #e5c958 : #d59b19 : #d04c4c : #000000

| x legends = Jan : Feb : Mar : Apr : May : Jun : Jul : Aug: Sep : Oct : Nov : Dec

}}

{{clear}}

On 9 February, region 3575 produced an X3.4 flare, the second strongest of the cycle up to that point, causing radiation levels to briefly exceed S2 over the following days.{{cite news |title=New day, new coronal mass ejections to look at! |url=https://www.spaceweatherlive.com/en/news/view/520/20240210-new-day-new-coronal-mass-ejections-to-look-at.html |access-date=13 February 2024 |work=Space Weather Live |date=10 February 2024}} On 12 February, after rotating to the far side of the Sun, the same region released a strong CME. As it was invisible from Earth, it was impossible to assess the flare's strength, but it nonetheless caused proton storm levels to briefly reach S2 again on February 12–13.

On 22 February, region 3590 produced a solar flare measuring X6.3.{{cite news|title=X6.3 solar flare|url=https://www.spaceweatherlive.com/en/news/view/524/20240222-x6-3-solar-flare.html|work=Space Weather Live|date=22 February 2024|accessdate=23 February 2024}}

In May, the strongest solar storm in 20 years produced aurorae at far lower latitudes than usual. A few days later, on 14 May, region 3664 produced the strongest solar flare up to that point of the solar cycle, measuring X8.7.{{cite news|last=Garofalo|first=Meredith|title=Sun unleashes massive X8.7 solar flare, biggest of current cycle, from super-active monster sunspot (video)|url=https://www.space.com/sun-solar-flare-sunspot-ar3664-x88-class-may-14-2024|website=Space.com|date=14 May 2024|accessdate=14 May 2024}}{{cite web|title=Region 3664 not done yet! Produces X8.7 flare...largest of the solar cycle!|url=https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/news/region-3664-not-done-yet-produces-x87-flarelargest-solar-cycle|website=swpc.noaa.gov|date=14 May 2024|accessdate=14 May 2024}}

On 20 May 2024, an X12 solar flare produced x-rays and gamma rays that hit Mars, while a coronal mass ejection launched a solar wind.{{Cite web |last=iain.todd@ourmedia.co.uk |title=Solar storm erupts on Mars: aurora and radiation would have hit astronauts with the power of 30 chest x-rays |url=https://www.skyatnightmagazine.com/news/mars-solar-storm-20-may-2024 |access-date=2024-07-11 |website=www.skyatnightmagazine.com |date=13 June 2024 |language=en}}

On 1 October 2024, an X7.1 solar flare occurred in sunspot region 3842, followed by an X9.0 solar flare just two days later.{{cite news|last=Thomson|first=Jess|title=Auroras Forecast Over US As Solar Storm Gets Special Fall Boost|url=https://www.newsweek.com/geomagnetic-storm-cme-auroras-northern-lights-space-weather-1963397|website=Newsweek|date=3 October 2024|accessdate=3 October 2024}}

= 2025 =

See also

References

{{Reflist|25em}}

External links

  • {{cite web |url=https://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/predict.shtml |title=Solar Cycle Prediction |publisher=NASA Marshall Space Flight Center}}
  • {{cite web |url=https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/solar-cycle-progression |title=Solar Cycle Progression |publisher=NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center}}
  • {{cite web |url=http://solarcyclescience.com/forecasts.html |title=Solar Cycle Prediction |website=Solar Cycle Science}}

{{Solar cycles}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Solar Cycle 25}}

Category:Solar cycles