somatic anxiety
{{Short description|Physical manifestation of anxiety}}
Somatic anxiety, also known as somatization, is the physical manifestation of anxiety.{{cite journal |pmid=15014583 |pmc=181205 |year=2000 |last1=Gelenberg |first1=A. J |title=Psychiatric and Somatic Markers of Anxiety: Identification and Pharmacologic Treatment |journal=Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=49–54 |doi=10.4088/PCC.v02n0204 }} It is commonly contrasted with cognitive anxiety, which is the mental manifestation of anxiety, or the specific thought processes that occur during anxiety, such as concern or worry. These components of anxiety are especially studied in sports psychology,{{citation |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=MNldMfnlb0cC|title = Competitive anxiety in sport|author1=Rainer Martens |author2=Robin S. Vealey |author3=Damon Burton |pages = 6 et seq|isbn = 9780873229357|year = 1990| publisher=Human Kinetics }} specifically relating to how the anxiety symptoms affect athletic performance.
Associated symptoms typically include "abdominal pain, dyspepsia, chest pain, fatigue, dizziness, insomnia, and headache". These symptoms can happen either alone or in a cluster.
Research on somatic anxiety is increasing.{{Cite journal|last1=Agnafors|first1=Sara|last2=Norman Kjellström|first2=Anna|last3=Torgerson|first3=Jarl|last4=Rusner|first4=Marie|date=November 2019|title=Somatic comorbidity in children and adolescents with psychiatric disorders|url= |journal=European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry|language=en|volume=28|issue=11|pages=1517–1525|doi=10.1007/s00787-019-01313-9|issn=1018-8827|pmc=6800882|pmid=30895480}} Studies have reported that some medically overlooked cases that could not relate physical pain to any type of organ dysfunction typically could have been somatic anxiety.
Anxiety-performance relationship theories
= Drive theory =
{{Further|Drive Theory#Social psychology}}
The Drive Theory{{cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.149.3681.269 |jstor=1715944 |pmid=14300526 |title=Social Facilitation |journal=Science |volume=149 |issue=3681 |pages=269–74 |last1=Zajonc |first1=Robert B |year=1965 |bibcode=1965Sci...149..269Z }} suggests that if an athlete is both skilled and driven (by somatic and cognitive anxiety) then the athlete will perform well.{{Cite web|url=http://www.brianmac.co.uk/companx.htm|title=Competitive Anxiety|date=May 3, 2015|website=BrianMac|accessdate=October 8, 2015}}
=Inverted-U hypothesis =
{{Further|Yerkes–Dodson law}}
The Inverted-U Hypothesis,{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/cne.920180503 |title=The relation of strength of stimulus to rapidity of habit-formation |journal=Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology |volume=18 |issue=5 |pages=459–482 |year=1908 |last1=Yerkes |first1=Robert M |last2=Dodson |first2=John D |url=http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/pdf3/007623600043079.pdf }} also known as the Yerkes-Dodson law hypothesizes that as somatic and cognitive anxiety (l) increase, performance increases until a threshold is crossed. Should arousal increase further, performance decreases.
=Multi-dimensional theory =
The Multi-dimensional Theory of AnxietyMartens, R. et al. (1990) The Development of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2). Human Kinetics is based on the distinction between somatic and cognitive anxiety. The theory predicts that a negative, linear relationship between somatic and cognitive anxiety, an Inverted-U relationship between somatic anxiety and performance, and that somatic anxiety declines once performance begins although cognitive anxiety may remain high, if confidence is low.{{cite journal |citeseerx=10.1.1.629.5627 |title=Contrasting Concepts of Competitive State-Anxiety in Sport: Multidimensional Anxiety and Catastrophe Theories |first=Ivan M. |last=McNally |journal=Athletic Insight |date=August 2002 |volume=4 |number=2 |pages=10–22}}
=Catastrophe theory=
Catastrophe TheoryHardy, L. & Non Society for the Psychology of Sport and Physical Activity. Vancouver. June 1987. suggests that stress, combined with both somatic and cognitive anxiety, influences performance, that somatic anxiety affects each athlete and each performance differently, limiting the ability to predict an outcome using general rules.
= Optimum arousal theory =
Optimum Arousal Theory{{Cite journal|title = Performance Related Emotional States in Sport: A Qualitative Analysis|url = http://www.qualitative-research.net/index.php/fqs/article/view/747|journal = Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research|date = 2003-01-31|issn = 1438-5627|volume = 4|issue = 1|language = en|first = Yuri L.|last = Hanin}} states that each athlete performs best if their anxiety Alevel falls within an "optimum functioning zone".
See also
References
Additional references
- {{cite journal |doi=10.1097/00006842-197806000-00004|pmid=356080|title=Patterning of Cognitive and Somatic Processes in the Self-Regulation of Anxiety: Effects of Meditation versus Exercise|journal=Psychosomatic Medicine|volume=40|issue=4|pages=321–328|year=1978|last1=Schwartz|first1=Gary E|last2=Davidson|first2=Richard J|last3=Goleman|first3=Daniel J|s2cid=2810663 }}