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sordariomycetes

{{Short description|Class of fungi}}

{{Automatic taxobox

| image = Langstielige Ahorn-Holzkeule (Xylaria longipes).JPG

| image_caption = A single Xylaria longipes ascocarp

| display_parents = 4

| taxon = Sordariomycetes

| authority = O.E.Erikss. & Winka, Myconet 1 (1): 10 (1997)

| subdivision_ranks = Subclasses

| subdivision =

}}

Sordariomycetes is a class of fungi in the subdivision Pezizomycotina (Ascomycota).{{cite book |author=Maharachchikumbura, S. S., Hyde, K. D., Jones, E. G., McKenzie, E. H., Huang, S. K., Abdel-Wahab, M. A., ... & Hongsanan, S.. |title=Towards a natural classification and backbone tree for Sordariomycetes.|publisher=" Fungal Diversity. |year=2015 |pages=199–301}} It is the second-largest class of Ascomycota, with a worldwide distribution that mostly accommodates terrestrial based taxa, although several can also be found in aquatic habitats.{{Cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=N. |last2=Castlebury |first2=L. A. |last3=Miller |first3=A. N. |last4=Huhndorf |first4=S. M. |last5=Schoch|first5=C. L.|last6=Seifert|first6=K. A.|last7=Rossman|first7=A. Y.|last8=Rogers|first8=J. D.|last9=Kohlmeyer|first9=J.|last10=Volkmann-Kohlmeyer|first10=B.|last11=Sung|first11=G.-H.|date=2006|title=An overview of the systematics of the Sordariomycetes based on a four-gene phylogeny |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3852/mycologia.98.6.1076 |journal=Mycologia|volume=98 |issue=6 |pages=1076–1087 |doi=10.3852/mycologia.98.6.1076|pmid=17486982 |issn=0027-5514|url-access=subscription}} Some are phytopathogens that can cause leaf, stem, and root diseases in a wide variety of hosts, while other genera can cause diseases in arthropods and mammals.{{cite journal |last1=Jayawardena |first1=Ruvishika S. |last2=Hyde |first2=Kevin D. |last3=Jeewon |first3=Rajesh |last4=Ghobad-Nejhad |first4=Masoomeh |last5=Wanasinghe |first5=Dhanushka N. |last6=Liu |first6=NingGuo |last7=Phillips |first7=Alan J. L. |last8=Oliveira-Filho |first8=José Ribamar C. |last9=da Silva |first9=Gladstone A. |last10=Gibertoni |first10=Tatiana B. |last11=Abeywikrama |first11=P. |last12=Carris |first12=L. M. |last13=Chethana |first13=K. W. T. |last14=Dissanayake |first14=A. J. |last15=Hongsanan |first15=S. |last16=Jayasiri |first16=S. C. |last17=McTaggart |first17=A. R. |last18=Perera |first18=R. H. |last19=Phutthacharoen |first19=K. |last20=Savchenko |first20=K. G. |last21=Shivas |first21=R. G. |last22=Thongklang |first22=Naritsada |last23=Dong |first23=Wei |last24=Wei |first24=DePing |last25=Wijayawardena |first25=Nalin N. |last26=Kang |first26=Ji-Chuan |title=One stop shop II: taxonomic update with molecular phylogeny for important phytopathogenic genera: 26–50 |journal=Fungal Diversity |date=2019 |volume=94 |pages=41–129 |doi=10.1007/s13225-019-00418-5}}{{cite journal |last1=Hyde |first1=Kevin D. |last2=Xu |first2=Jianchu |last3=Rapior |first3=Sylvie |last4=Jeewon |first4=Rajesh |last5=Lumyong |first5=Saisamorn |last6=Niego |first6=Allen Grace T. |last7=Abeywickrama |first7=Pranami D. |last8=Aluthmuhandiram |first8=Janith V. S. |last9=Brahamanage |first9=Rashika S. |last10=Brooks |first10=Siraprapa |last11=Chaiyasen |first11=Amornrat |last12=Chethana |first12=K. W. Thilini |last13=Chomnunti |first13=Putarak |last14=Chepkirui |first14=Clara |last15=Chuankid |first15=Boontiya |last16=de Silva |first16=Nimali I. |last17=Doilom |first17=Mingkwan |last18=Faulds |first18=Craig |last19=Gentekaki |first19=Eleni |last20=Gopalan |first20=Venkat |last21=Kakumyan |first21=Pattana |last22=Harishchandra |first22=Dulanjalee |last23=Hemachandran |first23=Hridya |last24=Hongsanan |first24=Sinang |last25=Karunarathna |first25=Anuruddha |last26=Karunarathna |first26=Samantha C. |last27=Khan |first27=Sehroon |last28=Kumla |first28=Jaturong |last29=Jayawardena |first29=Ruvishika S. |last30=Liu |first30=Jian-Kui |last31=Liu |first31=Ningguo |last32=Luangharn |first32=Thatsanee |last33=Macabeo |first33=Allan Patrick G. |last34=Marasinghe |first34=Diana S. |last35=Meeks |first35=Dan |last36=Mortimer |first36=Peter E. |last37=Mueller |first37=Peter |last38=Nadir |first38=Sadia |last39=Nataraja |first39=Karaba N. |last40=Nontachaiyapoom |first40=Sureeporn |last41=O’Brien |first41=Meghan |last42=Penkhrue |first42=Watsana |last43=Phukhamsakda |first43=Chayanard |last44=Ramanan |first44=Uma Shaanker |last45=Rathnayaka |first45=Achala R. |last46=Sadaba |first46=Resurreccion B. |last47=Sandargo |first47=Birthe |last48=Samarakoon |first48=Binu C. |last49=Tennakoon |first49=Danushka S. |last50=Siva |first50=Ramamoorthy |last51=Sriprom |first51=Wasan |last52=Suryanarayanan |first52=T. S. |last53=Sujarit |first53=Kanaporn |last54=Suwannarach |first54=Nakarin |last55=Suwunwong |first55=Thitipone |last56=Thongbai |first56=Benjarong |last57=Thongklang |first57=Naritsada |last58=Wei |first58=Deping |last59=Wijesinghe |first59=S. Nuwanthika |last60=Winiski |first60=Jake |last61=Yan |first61=Jiye |last62=Yasanthika |first62=Erandi |last63=Stadler |first63=Marc |title=The amazing potential of fungi: 50 ways we can exploit fungi industrially |journal=Fungal Diversity |date=2019 |volume=97 |pages=1–136 |doi=10.1007/s13225-019-00430-9|doi-access=free |hdl=10033/621908 |hdl-access=free }}

The name Sordariomycetes is derived from the Latin sordes (filth) because some species grow in animal feces, though growth habits vary widely across the class.

In 2013, it consisted of 3 subclasses, 12 orders, 600 genera and 3000 species,H.C. Dube {{google books|ZFA4DwAAQBAJ|An Introduction to Fungi, 4th Ed. (2013) |page=224}} Then by 2015, it had 3 subclasses, 28 orders, 90 families and 1344 genera. This has increased to 4 subclasses and 54 orders in 2020.{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |last1=Wijayawardene |first1=Nalin |last2=Hyde |first2=Kevin |first3=Laith Khalil Tawfeeq |last3=Al-Ani |last4=Somayeh |first4=Dolatabadi |last5=Stadler |first5=Marc |last6=Haelewaters |first6=Danny |last7=Tsurykau |first7=Andrei |last8=Mesic |first8=Armin |last9=Navathe |first9=Sudhir |last10=Papp |first10=Viktor |last11=Oliveira Fiuza |first11=Patrícia |last12=Vázquez |first12=Víctor |last13=Gautam |first13=Ajay |last14=Becerra |first14=Alejandra G. |last15=Ekanayaka |first15=Anusha |last16=K. C. |first16=Rajeshkumar |last17=Bezerra |first17=Jadson |last18=Matočec |first18=Neven |last19=Maharachchikumbura |first19=Sajeewa |last20=Suetrong |first20=Satinee |year=2020 |title=Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa |journal=Mycosphere |volume=11 |pages=1060–1456 |doi=10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8 |doi-access=free|hdl=10481/61998 |hdl-access=free }} It then increased to 6 subclasses and 54 orders in 2023. In May 2023, the GBIF listed 26,295 species in Sordariomycetes.{{Cite web |title=GBIF Species search |url=https://www.gbif.org/species/search?rank=SPECIES&highertaxon_key=320&status=ACCEPTED |access-date=2023-05-30 |website=www.gbif.org |language=en}}

Sordariomycetes generally produce their asci in perithecial fruiting bodies.

Sordariomycetes are also known as Pyrenomycetes, from the Greek {{lang|el|πυρἠν}} - 'the stone of a fruit' - because of the usually somewhat tough texture of their tissue.Century Dictionary entry for pyrenomycetes

Sordariomycetes possess great variability in morphology, growth form, and habitat. Most have perithecial (flask-shaped) fruiting bodies, but ascomata can be less frequently cleistothecial (such as in the genera Anixiella, Apodus, Boothiella, Thielavia and Zopfiella).{{cite journal |first=N. |last=Lundqvist |title=Nordic Sordariaceae s. lat |journal=Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses |volume=20 |id=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-124116 |pages=1–374 |year=1972 |issn=0082-0644 }}{{cite journal |first=J.A. |last=von Arx |title=On Thielavia and some similar genera of ascomycetes |journal=Studies in Mycology |volume=8 |pages=1–31 |year=1975 |url=http://www.westerdijkinstitute.nl/publications/1008/content_files/content.htm}} Fruiting bodies may be solitary or gregarious, superficial, or immersed within stromata or tissues of the substrates and can be light to bright or black. Members of this group can grow in soil, dung, leaf litter, and decaying wood as decomposers, as well as being fungal parasites, and insect, human, and plant pathogens.{{cite journal |first=J.W. |last=Spatafora |title=Ascomal evolution of filamentous ascomycetes: evidence from molecular |journal=Canadian Journal of Botany |volume=73 |issue=S1 |pages=811–5 |year=1995 |doi=10.1139/b95-326 }}{{cite journal |vauthors=Neuveglise C, Brygoo Y, Vercambre B, Riba G |title=Comparative-analysis of molecular and biological characteristics of strains of Beauveria brongniartii isolated from insects |journal=Mycological Research |volume=98 |issue=3 |pages=322–8 |year=1994 |doi=10.1016/S0953-7562(09)80460-7 }}{{cite journal |vauthors=Berbee ML, Taylor JW |title=Two ascomycete classes based on fruiting-body characters and ribosomal DNA sequence |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=278–284 |year=1992 |pmid= 1560763|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040719 |doi-access=free }}

Sordariomycetes are one of the classes that can also be found in the sea, such as orders, Lulworthiales and Koralionastetales, which were placed in the subclass Lulworthiomycetidae, consist of exclusively marine taxa.{{cite journal |last1=Poli |first1=Anna |last2=Prigione |first2=Valeria |last3=Bovio |first3=Elena |last4=Perugini |first4=Iolanda |last5=Varese |first5=Giovanna Cristina |title=Insights on Lulworthiales Inhabiting the Mediterranean Sea and Description of Three Novel Species of the Genus Paralulworthia |journal=J. Fungi |date=2021 |volume=7 |issue=11 |page=940 |doi=10.3390/jof7110940|hdl=2318/1818452 |hdl-access=free |doi-access=free |pmid=34829227 |pmc=8623521 }}

Some species of Sordariomycetes are economically important as bio-control agents,{{cite journal |last1=Kaewchai |first1=S. |last2=Soytong |first2=K. |last3=Hyde |first3=Kevin D. |title=Mycofungicides and fungal biofertilizers. |journal=Fungal Diversity |date=2009 |volume=38 |pages=25–50}} and other genera can produce a wide range of chemically diverse metabolites, that are important in agricultural, medicinal and other biotechnological industries.{{cite journal |last1=Helaly |first1=S.E. |last2=Thongbai |first2=B. |last3=Stadler |first3=M. |title=Diversity of biologically active secondary metabolites from endophytic and saprotrophic fungi of the ascomycete order Xylariales. |journal=Natural Product Reports |date=2018 |volume=35 |issue=9 |pages=992–1014 |doi=10.1039/C8NP00010G|pmid=29774351 }}

Subclasses and orders

As accepted by Wijayawardene et al. 2022.{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |last1=Wijayawardene |first1=N.N. |last2=Hyde |first2=K.D. |last3=Dai |first3=D.Q. |last4=Sánchez-García |first4=M. |last5=Goto |first5=B.T. |last6=Saxena |first6=R.K. |last7=Erdoğdu |first7=M. |last8=Selçuk |first8=F. |last9=Rajeshkumar |first9=K.C. |last10=Aptroot |first10=A. |last11=Błaszkowski |first11=J. |last12=Boonyuen |first12=N. |last13=da Silva |first13=G. |last14=de Souza |first14=F.A. |last15=Dong |first15=W. |last16=Ertz |first16=D. |last17=Haelewaters |first17=D. |last18=Jones |first18=E.B. |last19=Karunarathna |first19=S.C. |last20=Kirk |first20=P.M. |last21=Kukwa |first21=M. |last22=Kumla |first22=J. |last23=Leontyev |first23=D.V. |last24=Lumbsch |first24=H.T. |last25=Maharachchikumbura |first25=S.S.N. |last26=Marguno |first26=F. |last27=Martínez-Rodríguez |first27=P. |last28=Mešić |first28=A. |last29=Monteiro |first29=J.S. |last30=Oehl |first30=F. |last31=Pawłowska |first31=J. |last32=Pem |first32=D. |last33=Pfliegler |first33=W.P. |last34=Phillips |first34=A.J.L. |last35=Pošta |first35=A. |last36=He |first36=M.Q. |last37=Li |first37=J.X. |last38=Raza |first38=M. |last39=Sruthi |first39=O.P. |last40=Suetrong |first40=S. |last41=Suwannarach |first41=N. |last42=Tedersoo |first42=L. |last43=Thiyagaraja |first43=V. |last44=Tibpromma |first44=S. |last45=Tkalčec |first45=Z. |last46=Tokarev |first46=Y.S. |last47=Wanasinghe |first47=D.N. |last48=Wijesundara |first48=D.S.A. |last49=Wimalaseana |first49=S.D.M.K. |last50=Madrid |first50=H. |last51=Zhang |first51=G.Q. |last52=Gao |first52=Y. |last53=Sánchez-Castro |first53=I. |last54=Tang |first54=L.Z. |last55=Stadler |first55=M. |last56=Yurkov |first56=A. |last57=Thines |first57=M. |year=2022 |title=Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021 |journal=Mycosphere |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=53–453 [160] |doi=10.5943/mycosphere/13/1/2 |s2cid=249054641 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358798332|doi-access=free |hdl=10481/76378 |hdl-access=free }}

Subclass Diaporthomycetidae

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Subclass Hypocreomycetidae

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Subclass Lulworthiomycetidae

Subclass Pisorisporiomycetidae

Subclass Savoryellomycetidae

Subclass Sordariomycetidae

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Subclass Xylariomycetidae

Order incertae sedis

Familia ''incertae sedis''

These are families in the Sordariomycetes whose taxonomic affinities are not sufficiently well known to be placed in any order.

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Genera ''incertae sedis''

These 108 genera within the Sordariomycetes have an uncertain taxonomic placement (incertae sedis), according to the 2007 Outline of Ascomycota. A question mark preceding the genus name means the placement of that genus within this order is uncertain.{{cite journal|vauthors=Lumbsch TH, Huhndorf SM |date=December 2007 |title=Outline of Ascomycota — 2007 |journal=Myconet |volume=13 |pages=1–58 |url=http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/myconet/outline.asp }}

Abyssomyces –

Acerbiella –

Acrospermoides –

Ameromassaria –

Amphisphaerellula –

Amphisphaerina –

Amphorulopsis –

Amylis –

Anthostomaria –

Anthostomellina –

Apharia –

Apodothina –

Apogaeumannomyces –

Aquadulciospora –

Aquamarina –

Aropsiclus –

Ascorhiza –

Ascoyunnania –

Assoa –

Aulospora –

Azbukinia –

Bactrosphaeria –

Barrina –

Biporispora –

Bombardiastrum –

Brenesiella –

Byrsomyces –

Byssotheciella –

Caleutypa –

Calosphaeriopsis –

Caproniella –

Chaetoamphisphaeria –

Charonectria –

Ciliofusospora –

Clohiesia –

Clypeoceriospora –

Clypeosphaerulina –

Cryptoascus –

Cryptomycina –

Cryptovalsa –

Cucurbitopsis –

Curvatispora –

Dasysphaeria –

Delpinoella –

Diacrochordon –

Dontuzia –

Dryosphaera –

Endoxylina –

Esfandiariomyces –

Frondisphaera –

Glabrotheca –

Heliastrum –

Hyaloderma –

Hydronectria –

Hypotrachynicola –

Immersisphaeria –

Iraniella –

Khuskia –

Konenia –

Kravtzevia –

Kurssanovia –

Lecythium –

Leptosacca –

Leptosphaerella –

Leptosporina –

Lyonella –

Mangrovispora –

Melomastia –

Microcyclephaeria –

Mirannulata –

Monosporascus –

Myrmecridium –

?Naumovela –

?Neocryptospora –

Neolamya –

Neothyridaria –

Oceanitis –

Ophiomassaria –

Ornatispora –

Pareutypella –

Phomatospora –

Phyllocelis –

Plectosphaerella –

Pleocryptospora –

Pleosphaeria –

Pontogeneia –

Porodiscus –

Protocucurbitaria –

Pulvinaria –

Pumilus –

Rehmiomycella –

Rhamphosphaeria –

Rhizophila –

Rimaconus –

Rhopographella –

Rhynchosphaeria –

Rivulicola –

Romellina –

Saccardoella –

Sarcopyrenia –

Sartorya –

Scharifia –

Scoliocarpon –

Scotiosphaeria –

Servaziella –

Sporoctomorpha –

Stearophora –

Stegophorella –

Stellosetifera –

Stomatogenella –

Sungaiicola –

Synsphaeria –

Tamsiniella –

Thelidiella –

Thyridella –

Thyrotheca –

Trichospermella –

Trichosphaeropsis –

Vleugelia –

Zignoina

References

{{Reflist}}

Further reading

  • {{cite book |first=M.E. |last=Barr |title=Prodromus to Class Loculoascomycetes |publisher=Newell |location=Amherst MA |year=1987 }}
  • {{cite journal |first=M.E. |last=Barr |title=Prodromus to nonlichenized, pyrenomycetous members of Class Hymenoascomycetes |journal=Mycotaxon |volume=39 |pages=43–184 |year=1990 }}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Castlebury |first1=L.A. |last2=Rossman |first2=A.Y. |last3=Jaklitsch |first3=W.J. |last4=Vasilyeva |first4=L.N. |title=A preliminary overview of the Diaporthales based on large subunit nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences |journal=Mycologia |volume= 94|issue= 6|pages=1017–31 |year=2002 |doi= 10.2307/3761867|pmid=21156573 |jstor=3761867 }}
  • {{cite journal |first=H.T. |last=Lumbsch |title=Phylogeny of filamentous ascomycetes |journal=Naturwissenschaften |volume=87 |issue= 8|pages=335–342 |year=2000 |doi=10.1007/s001140050736 |pmid=11013884 |bibcode=2000NW.....87..335L |s2cid=30326347 }}
  • {{cite journal |first=E.S. |last=Luttrell |title=Taxonomy of the Pyrenomycetes |journal=University Missouri Stud. Sci. Ser. |volume=24 |pages=1–120 |year=1951 }}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Lutzoni |first1=F. |last2=Kauff |first2=F. |last3=Cox |first3=C.J. |last4=McLaughlin |first4=D. |last5=Celio |first5=G. |last6=Dentinger |first6=B. |last7=Padamsee |first7=M. |last8=Hibbett |first8=D. |last9=James |first9=T.Y. |display-authors=etal |title=Assembling the fungal tree of life: progress, classification, and evolution of subcellular traits |journal=Am. J. Bot. |volume=91 |issue=10 |pages=1446–80 |year=2004 |pmid=21652303 |doi=10.3732/ajb.91.10.1446 |doi-access=free }}
  • {{cite journal |first1=J.W. |last1=Spatafora |first2=M. |last2=Blackwell |title=Molecular systematics of unitunicate perithecial ascomycetes: the Clavicipitales-Hypocreales connection |journal=Mycologia |volume=85 |issue=6 |pages=912–922 |year=1993 |doi=10.2307/3760674 |jstor=3760674}}

External links

  • [http://tolweb.org/Sordariomycetes/29050 Tree of Life Sordariomycetes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130206023216/http://tolweb.org/Sordariomycetes/29050 |date=2013-02-06 }}

{{Fungi classification}}

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Category:Fungus classes

Category:Lichen classes

Category:Taxa described in 1997