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spatial planning

{{Short description|Technique for physical organisation of space}}

{{Multiple issues|

{{More footnotes|date=May 2011}}

{{Technical|introduction|date=November 2023}}

}}

File:NovoLisice.jpg in the City of Skopje, North Macedonia.]]

Spatial planning mediates between the respective claims on space of the state, market, and community. In so doing, three different mechanisms of involving stakeholders, integrating sectoral policies and promoting development projects mark the three schools of transformative strategy formulation, innovation action and performance in spatial planning Ziafati Bafarasat, A., 2015. Reflections on the three schools of thought on strategic spatial planning. Journal of Planning Literature, 30(2), pp.132-148.

Spatial planning systems refer to the methods and approaches used by the public and private sectors to influence the distribution of people and activities in different geographic areas. Spatial planning coordinates practices and policies that shape spatial organization. Spatial planning is synonymous with the practices of urban planning in the United States but at larger scales, and the term is often used in reference to planning efforts in European countries. Discrete professional disciplines which involve spatial planning include land use, urban, regional, transport and environmental planning.Van Assche, K., Beunen, R., Duineveld, M., & de Jong, H. (2013). Co-evolutions of planning and design: Risks and benefits of design perspectives in planning systems. Planning Theory, 12(2), 177-198. Other related areas are also important, including economic and community planning, as well as maritime spatial planning. Spatial planning takes place on local, regional, national and inter-national levels and often results in the creation of a spatial plan.

An early definition of spatial planning comes from the European Regional/Spatial Planning Charter{{cite web|url=http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/cultureheritage/heritage/cemat/versioncharte/default_EN.asp |title=Council of Europe |publisher=Council of Europe |access-date=2013-10-06}} (often called the 'Torremolinos Charter'), adopted in 1983 by the European Conference of Ministers responsible for Regional Planning (CEMAT): "Regional/spatial planning gives geographical expression to the economic, social, cultural and ecological policies of society. It is at the same time a scientific discipline, an administrative technique and a policy developed as an interdisciplinary and comprehensive approach directed towards a balanced regional development and the physical organization of space according to an overall strategy."

Numerous planning systems exist around the world. The form of planning largely diverges and co-evolves with societies and their governance systems.Allmendinger, P. (2009). Planning theory. Palgrave Macmillan. Every country, and states within those countries, have a unique planning systems that is made up by different actors, different planning perspectives and a particular institutional framework. Perspectives, actors and institutions change over time, influencing both the form and the impact of spatial planning.Van Assche, K., & Verschraegen, G. (2008). The limits of planning: Niklas Luhmann's systems theory and the analysis of planning and planning ambitions. Planning theory, 7(3), 263-283.Gunder, M., & Hillier, J. (2009). Planning in ten words or less: A Lacanian entanglement with spatial planning. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. Especially in Northwestern Europe, spatial planning has evolved greatly since the late 1950s. Until the 1990s, the term ‘spatial’ was used primarily to refer to the way that planning should deal with more than simply zoning, land use planning, or the design of the physical form of cities or regions, but also should address the more complex issues of the spatial relationship of activities such as employment, homes and leisure uses.{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the City|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediacity00cave|url-access=limited|last=Caves|first=R. W.|publisher=Routledge|year=2004|isbn=9780415252256|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediacity00cave/page/n664 624]}}

Spatial planning systems in Europe

Various compendia of spatial planning systems can be found. Below is a table showing some of the main sources, the countries covered and the date of publication.

style="border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:90%"
colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;" |   {{resize|115%|Key to columns}} (left to right)
style="width:7em" |   COMMINCOMmon MINdscapes
  COST C11COST Action on Green Structures and Urban Planning
  ESPONEuropean Observation Network for Territorial Development and Cohesion COMPASS project  
  DG-REGIOEuropean Directorate-General for Regional Policy
  CEMATEuropean Conference of Ministers responsible for Regional/Spatial Planning  
  ESTIAEuropean Space and Territorial Integration Alternative
  ISOCARPInternational Society of City and Regional Planners
  MLITJapanese Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism
  LEXALPLegal Systems for Spatial Planning
  RCEPRoyal Commission on Environmental Pollution
  UNECEUnited Nations Economic Commission for Europe
  VASAB[https://vasab.org/ Vision and Strategies around the Baltic Sea]

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
style="white-space:nowrap"

!

! [http://www.commin.org COMMIN]

! [http://www.greenstructureplanning.eu/COSTC11/contents.htm COST C11]

! [http://www.espon.eu ESPON]

! [http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/archive/themes/spatial_en.htm DG-REGIO]

! [http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/cultureheritage/heritage/cemat/default_en.asp CEMAT]

!   {{nobold|ESTIA}}  

! [http://www.isocarp.org ISOCARP]

!  [http://www.mlit.go.jp/en/index.html MLIT] 

! [http://lexalp.eurac.edu LEXALP]

!  [http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110322143804/http://www.rcep.org.uk/reports/23-planning/epcompap.htm RCEP] 

! [http://www.unece.org UNECE]

! [https://vasab.org/ VASAB]

style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;font-weight:normal"| Albania

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| [http://estia.arch.auth.gr/estia/eng/vsplan 2000]

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style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;font-weight:normal"| Armenia

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| [http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/cultureheritage/heritage/CEMAT/Compendium/Compendium_en.asp 2006]

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| [http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/publications/environment/epr/welcome.htm 2000]

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style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;font-weight:normal"| Austria

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| [http://www.espon.eu/main/Menu_Projects/Menu_ESPON2006Projects/Menu_PolicyImpactProjects/governance.html 2007]

| [http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/archive/themes/spatial_en.htm 1997]

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| [http://www.isocarp.org/index.php?id=141 2008]

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| [http://lexalp.eurac.edu 2008]

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style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;font-weight:normal"| Belarus

| [http://commin.org/en/planning-systems/national-planning-systems/nations.html 2007]

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| [http://vasab.leontief.net/countries.phtml 2000]

style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;font-weight:normal"| Belgium

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| [http://www.espon.eu/main/Menu_Projects/Menu_ESPON2006Projects/Menu_PolicyImpactProjects/governance.html 2007]

| [http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/archive/themes/spatial_en.htm 1997]

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| [http://www.isocarp.org/index.php?id=141 2008]

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style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;font-weight:normal"| Bulgaria

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| [http://www.espon.eu/main/Menu_Projects/Menu_ESPON2006Projects/Menu_PolicyImpactProjects/governance.html 2007]

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| [http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/cultureheritage/heritage/CEMAT/Compendium/Compendium_en.asp 2003]

| [http://estia.arch.auth.gr/estia/eng/vsplan 2000]

| [http://www.isocarp.org/index.php?id=141 2008]

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style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;font-weight:normal"| Cyprus

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| [http://www.espon.eu/main/Menu_Projects/Menu_ESPON2006Projects/Menu_PolicyImpactProjects/governance.html 2007]

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style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;font-weight:normal"| Czech Republic

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| [http://www.espon.eu/main/Menu_Projects/Menu_ESPON2006Projects/Menu_PolicyImpactProjects/governance.html 2007]

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| [http://www.isocarp.org/index.php?id=141 2008]

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style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;font-weight:normal"| Denmark

| [http://commin.org/en/planning-systems/national-planning-systems/nations.html 2007]

| [http://www.greenstructureplanning.eu/COSTC11/wg2.htm 2005]

| [http://www.espon.eu/main/Menu_Projects/Menu_ESPON2006Projects/Menu_PolicyImpactProjects/governance.html 2007]

| [http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/archive/themes/spatial_en.htm 1997]

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| [http://www.isocarp.org/index.php?id=141 2008]

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| [https://vasab.org/home/about/country-fiches/ 2019]

style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;font-weight:normal"| Estonia

| [http://commin.org/en/planning-systems/national-planning-systems/nations.html 2007]

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| [http://www.espon.eu/main/Menu_Projects/Menu_ESPON2006Projects/Menu_PolicyImpactProjects/governance.html 2007]

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| [http://www.isocarp.org/index.php?id=141 2008]

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| [https://vasab.org/home/about/country-fiches/ 2018]

style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;font-weight:normal"| Finland

| [http://commin.org/en/planning-systems/national-planning-systems/nations.html 2007]

| [http://www.greenstructureplanning.eu/COSTC11/wg2.htm 2005]

| [http://www.espon.eu/main/Menu_Projects/Menu_ESPON2006Projects/Menu_PolicyImpactProjects/governance.html 2007]

| [http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/archive/themes/spatial_en.htm 1997]

| [http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/cultureheritage/heritage/CEMAT/Compendium/Compendium_en.asp 2005]

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| [http://www.isocarp.org/index.php?id=141 2008]

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| [https://vasab.org/home/about/country-fiches/ 2018]

style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;font-weight:normal"| France

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| [http://www.greenstructureplanning.eu/COSTC11/wg2.htm 2005]

| [http://www.espon.eu/main/Menu_Projects/Menu_ESPON2006Projects/Menu_PolicyImpactProjects/governance.html 2007]

| [http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/archive/themes/spatial_en.htm 1997]

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| [http://www.isocarp.org/index.php?id=141 2008]

| [http://www.mlit.go.jp/kokudokeikaku/international/spw/index_e.html 2007]

| [http://lexalp.eurac.edu 2008]

| [http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110322143804/http://www.rcep.org.uk/reports/23-planning/epcompap.htm 2000]

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style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;font-weight:normal"| Georgia

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| [http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/publications/environment/epr/welcome.htm 2003]

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style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;font-weight:normal"| Germany

| [http://commin.org/en/planning-systems/national-planning-systems/nations.html 2007]

| [http://www.greenstructureplanning.eu/COSTC11/wg2.htm 2005]

| [http://www.espon.eu/main/Menu_Projects/Menu_ESPON2006Projects/Menu_PolicyImpactProjects/governance.html 2007]

| [http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/archive/themes/spatial_en.htm 1997]

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| [http://www.isocarp.org/index.php?id=141 2008]

| [http://www.mlit.go.jp/kokudokeikaku/international/spw/index_e.html 2007]

| [http://lexalp.eurac.edu 2008]

| [http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110322143804/http://www.rcep.org.uk/reports/23-planning/epcompap.htm 2000]

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| [https://vasab.org/home/about/country-fiches/ 2019]

style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;font-weight:normal"| Greece

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| [http://www.espon.eu/main/Menu_Projects/Menu_ESPON2006Projects/Menu_PolicyImpactProjects/governance.html 2007]

| [http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/archive/themes/spatial_en.htm 1997]

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| [http://estia.arch.auth.gr/estia/eng/vsplan 2000]

| [http://www.isocarp.org/index.php?id=141 2008]

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style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;font-weight:normal"| Hungary

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| [http://www.espon.eu/main/Menu_Projects/Menu_ESPON2006Projects/Menu_PolicyImpactProjects/governance.html 2007]

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| [http://estia.arch.auth.gr/estia/eng/vsplan 2000]

| [http://www.isocarp.org/index.php?id=141 2008]

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style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;font-weight:normal"| Rep. Ireland

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| [http://www.espon.eu/main/Menu_Projects/Menu_ESPON2006Projects/Menu_PolicyImpactProjects/governance.html 2007]

| [http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/archive/themes/spatial_en.htm 1997]

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| [http://www.isocarp.org/index.php?id=141 2008]

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| [http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110322143804/http://www.rcep.org.uk/reports/23-planning/epcompap.htm 2000]

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style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;font-weight:normal"| Italy

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| [http://www.greenstructureplanning.eu/COSTC11/wg2.htm 2005]

| [http://www.espon.eu/main/Menu_Projects/Menu_ESPON2006Projects/Menu_PolicyImpactProjects/governance.html 2007]

| [http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/archive/themes/spatial_en.htm 1997]

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| [http://www.isocarp.org/index.php?id=141 2008]

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| [http://lexalp.eurac.edu 2008]

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style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;font-weight:normal"| Latvia

| [http://commin.org/en/planning-systems/national-planning-systems/nations.html 2007]

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| [http://www.espon.eu/main/Menu_Projects/Menu_ESPON2006Projects/Menu_PolicyImpactProjects/governance.html 2007]

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| [http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/publications/environment/epr/welcome.htm 1998]

| [https://vasab.org/home/about/country-fiches/ 2018]

style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;font-weight:normal"| Lithuania

| [http://commin.org/en/planning-systems/national-planning-systems/nations.html 2007]

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| [http://www.espon.eu/main/Menu_Projects/Menu_ESPON2006Projects/Menu_PolicyImpactProjects/governance.html 2007]

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| [http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/publications/environment/epr/welcome.htm 1998]

| [https://vasab.org/home/about/country-fiches/ 2018]

style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;font-weight:normal"| Luxembourg

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| [http://www.espon.eu/main/Menu_Projects/Menu_ESPON2006Projects/Menu_PolicyImpactProjects/governance.html 2007]

| [http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/archive/themes/spatial_en.htm 1997]

| [http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/cultureheritage/heritage/CEMAT/Compendium/Compendium_en.asp 2006]

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| [http://www.isocarp.org/index.php?id=141 2008]

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style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;font-weight:normal"| Malta

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| [http://www.espon.eu/main/Menu_Projects/Menu_ESPON2006Projects/Menu_PolicyImpactProjects/governance.html 2007]

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style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;font-weight:normal"| Netherlands

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| [http://www.greenstructureplanning.eu/COSTC11/wg2.htm 2005]

| [http://www.espon.eu/main/Menu_Projects/Menu_ESPON2006Projects/Menu_PolicyImpactProjects/governance.html 2007]

| [http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/archive/themes/spatial_en.htm 1997]

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| [http://www.isocarp.org/index.php?id=141 2008]

| [http://www.mlit.go.jp/kokudokeikaku/international/spw/index_e.html 2007]

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| [http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110322143804/http://www.rcep.org.uk/reports/23-planning/epcompap.htm 2000]

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style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;font-weight:normal"| North Macedonia

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| [http://estia.arch.auth.gr/estia/eng/vsplan 2000]

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| [http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/publications/environment/epr/welcome.htm 2002]

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style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;font-weight:normal"| Norway

| [http://commin.org/en/planning-systems/national-planning-systems/nations.html 2007]

| [http://www.greenstructureplanning.eu/COSTC11/wg2.htm 2005]

| [http://www.espon.eu/main/Menu_Projects/Menu_ESPON2006Projects/Menu_PolicyImpactProjects/governance.html 2007]

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| [http://www.isocarp.org/index.php?id=141 2008]

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| [http://vasab.leontief.net/countries.phtml 2000]

style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;font-weight:normal"| Poland

| [http://commin.org/en/planning-systems/national-planning-systems/nations.html 2007]

| [http://www.greenstructureplanning.eu/COSTC11/wg2.htm 2005]

| [http://www.espon.eu/main/Menu_Projects/Menu_ESPON2006Projects/Menu_PolicyImpactProjects/governance.html 2007]

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| [http://www.isocarp.org/index.php?id=141 2008]

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| [https://vasab.org/home/about/country-fiches/ 2018]

style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;font-weight:normal"| Portugal

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| [http://www.espon.eu/main/Menu_Projects/Menu_ESPON2006Projects/Menu_PolicyImpactProjects/governance.html 2007]

| [http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/archive/themes/spatial_en.htm 1997]

| [http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/cultureheritage/heritage/CEMAT/Compendium/Compendium_en.asp 2004]

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| [http://www.isocarp.org/index.php?id=141 2008]

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style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;font-weight:normal"| Romania

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| [http://www.espon.eu/main/Menu_Projects/Menu_ESPON2006Projects/Menu_PolicyImpactProjects/governance.html 2007]

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| [http://estia.arch.auth.gr/estia/eng/vsplan 2000]

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| [http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/publications/environment/epr/welcome.htm 2001]

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style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;font-weight:normal"| Russian Federation 

| [http://commin.org/en/planning-systems/national-planning-systems/nations.html 2007]

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| [http://www.isocarp.org/index.php?id=141 2008]

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| [https://vasab.org/home/about/country-fiches/ 2020]

style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;font-weight:normal"| Serbia

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| [http://estia.arch.auth.gr/estia/eng/vsplan 2000]

| [http://www.isocarp.org/index.php?id=141 2008]

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| [http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/publications/environment/epr/welcome.htm 2007]

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style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;font-weight:normal"| Slovakia

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| [http://www.espon.eu/main/Menu_Projects/Menu_ESPON2006Projects/Menu_PolicyImpactProjects/governance.html 2007]

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| [http://www.isocarp.org/index.php?id=141 2008]

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style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;font-weight:normal"| Slovenia

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| [http://www.espon.eu/main/Menu_Projects/Menu_ESPON2006Projects/Menu_PolicyImpactProjects/governance.html 2007]

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| [http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/cultureheritage/heritage/CEMAT/Compendium/Compendium_en.asp 2003]

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| [http://lexalp.eurac.edu 2008]

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| [http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/publications/environment/epr/welcome.htm 1997]

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style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;font-weight:normal"| Spain

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| [http://www.greenstructureplanning.eu/COSTC11/wg2.htm 2005]

| [http://www.espon.eu/main/Menu_Projects/Menu_ESPON2006Projects/Menu_PolicyImpactProjects/governance.html 2007]

| [http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/archive/themes/spatial_en.htm 1997]

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| [http://www.isocarp.org/index.php?id=141 2008]

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style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;font-weight:normal"| Sweden

| [http://commin.org/en/planning-systems/national-planning-systems/nations.html 2007]

| [http://www.greenstructureplanning.eu/COSTC11/wg2.htm 2005]

| [http://www.espon.eu/main/Menu_Projects/Menu_ESPON2006Projects/Menu_PolicyImpactProjects/governance.html 2007]

| [http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/archive/themes/spatial_en.htm 1997]

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| [http://www.isocarp.org/index.php?id=141 2008]

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| [http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110322143804/http://www.rcep.org.uk/reports/23-planning/epcompap.htm 2000]

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| [https://vasab.org/home/about/country-fiches/ 2018]

style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;font-weight:normal"| Switzerland

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| [http://www.espon.eu/main/Menu_Projects/Menu_ESPON2006Projects/Menu_PolicyImpactProjects/governance.html 2007]

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| [http://www.isocarp.org/index.php?id=141 2008]

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| [http://lexalp.eurac.edu 2008]

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style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;font-weight:normal"| Turkey

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| [http://www.isocarp.org/index.php?id=141 2008]

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style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;font-weight:normal"| United Kingdom

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| [http://www.greenstructureplanning.eu/COSTC11/wg2.htm 2005]

| [http://www.espon.eu/main/Menu_Projects/Menu_ESPON2006Projects/Menu_PolicyImpactProjects/governance.html 2007]

| [http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/archive/themes/spatial_en.htm 1997]

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| [http://www.isocarp.org/index.php?id=141 2008]

| [http://www.mlit.go.jp/kokudokeikaku/international/spw/index_e.html 2007]

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| [http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110322143804/http://www.rcep.org.uk/reports/23-planning/epcompap.htm 2000]

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European spatial planning

In 1999, a document called the European Spatial Development Perspective (ESDP) was signed by the ministers responsible for regional planning in the EU member states. Although the ESDP has no binding status, and the European Union has no formal authority for spatial planning, the ESDP has influenced spatial planning policy in European regions and member states, and placed the coordination of EU sectoral policies on the political agenda.

At the European level, the term territorial cohesion is becoming more widely used and is for example mentioned in the draft EU Treaty (Constitution) as a shared competency of the European Union; it is also included in the Treaty of Lisbon. The term was defined in a "scoping document" in Rotterdam in late 2004 and is being elaborated further using empirical data from the ESPON programme{{cite web|url=http://www.espon.eu |title=espon.eu |publisher=espon.eu |access-date=2013-06-26}} in a document entitled "The Territorial State and Perspectives of the European Union".{{cite web|url=http://www.ccre.org/docs/territorial_state_and_perspectives.pdf |title=Microsoft Word - TSP-First-Draft-as-of-260606.doc |format=PDF |access-date=2013-06-26}} At the minister's conference in May 2007 in Leipzig, a political document called the "Territorial Agenda" was signed to continue the process begun in Rotterdam, revised in May 2011 in Gödöllő.

See also

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References

{{Reflist}}

  • Andreas Faludi, Bas Waterhout, The Making of the European Spatial Development Perspective, London Routledge 2002. {{ISBN|978-0-415-27264-3}}.
  • Gerhard Larsson, Spatial Planning Systems in Western Europe - An Overview, Delft Univ Press (2006), {{ISBN|978-1-58603-656-0}}.
  • Gerhard Larsson, Land management as Public Policy, University Press of America (2010), {{ISBN|978-0-7618-5248-3}}.
  • UNECE, [http://www.unece.org/press/pr2008/08env_p04e.htm Spatial Planning - Key Instrument for Development and Effective Governance with Special Reference to Countries in Transition], Report ECE/HBP/146, Geneva UNECE 2008.
  • Richard H. Williams, European union spatial policy and planning, London Chapman 1996. {{ISBN|978-1-85396-305-6}}.

External links

{{Commons category|Spatial planning}}

  • [http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/cultureheritage/heritage/CEMAT/Default_en.asp CEMAT] - European Conference of Ministers responsible for Regional Planning
  • [https://journals.polito.it/index.php/EJSD EJSD] - European Journal of Spatial Development
  • [http://www.espon.eu ESPON] - European Observation Network on Territorial Development and Cohesion
  • [http://www.planum.net Planum] - The European Journal of Planning
  • [http://www.vasab.org VASAB] - Vision and Strategies around the Baltic Sea - Baltic Sea Region intergovernmental cooperation in spatial planning and development

{{Land-use planning}}

{{Environmental social science}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Spatial planning