spindalis
{{Short description|Genus of birds}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Western spindalis (Spindalis zena pretrei) male.JPG
| image_caption = Western spindalis (Spindalis zena)
| parent_authority = Barker, Burns, Klicka, Lanyon, & Lovette, 2013{{Cite journal | last1=Barker | first1=F.K. | last2=Burns | first2=K.J. | last3=Klicka | first3=J. | last4=Lanyon | first4=S.M. | last5=Lovette | first5=I.J. | date=2013 | title=Going to extremes: contrasting rates of diversification in a recent radiation of New World passerine birds | journal=Systematic Biology | volume=62 | issue=2 | pages=298–320 | doi=10.1093/sysbio/sys094 | pmid=23229025 | doi-access=free}}
| display_parents = 2
| taxon = Spindalis
| authority = Jardine & Selby, 1837
| type_species = Spindalis bilineatus Jardine & Selby, 1837=Tanagra nigricephala Jameson, 1835
Jamaican spindalis
}}
Spindalis is a genus consisting of four non-migratory species of bird. It is the only genus in the family Spindalidae. The species are mostly endemic to the West Indies; exceptions include populations of western spindalises on Cozumel Island, off the Yucatán Peninsula's east coast, and in extreme southeastern Florida. The species were traditionally considered aberrant members of the tanager family Thraupidae. Taxonomic studies recover them as a sister group to the Puerto Rican tanager (family Nesospingidae), and some group Spindalidae and Nesospingidae within the Phaenicophilidae.{{cite journal|last1=Oliveros|first1=C.H.|display-authors=etal|year=2019|title=Earth history and the passerine superradiation|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States|volume=116|issue=16|pages=7916–7925|doi=10.1073/pnas.1813206116|pmid=30936315|pmc=6475423|doi-access=free|bibcode=2019PNAS..116.7916O }}
Males are characterized by bright plumage while females are duller and have a different coloration. The nests are cup-shaped.{{sfn|Garrido et al.|1997|p=587}}
Taxonomy
The genus Spindalis was introduced in 1837 by the naturalists William Jardine and Prideaux John Selby to accommodate a single species, Spindalis bilineatus Jardine and Selby. This name is now considered a junior synonym of Tanagra nigricephala Jameson, 1835, the Jamaican spindalis, which becomes the type species by monotypy.{{ cite book | last1=Jardine | first1=William | author1-link=Sir William Jardine, 7th Baronet | last2=Selby | first2=Prideaux John | author2-link=Prideaux John Selby | date=1837 | title=Illustrations of Ornithology | volume=4 | location=Edinburgh | publisher=W.H. Lizars | at=Plate 9 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/63411804 }}{{ cite book | editor-last=Paynter | editor-first=Raymond A. Jr | year=1970 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=13 | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=316 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14483551 }}
{{Species table |genus= Spindalis |authority-name= Jardine & Selby |authority-year=1837 |species-count=four|no-note=y|narrow-percent=75}}
{{Species table/row
|name=Hispaniolan spindalis |binomial=Spindalis dominicensis
|image=File:Hispaniolan Spindalis, Kenscoff, Haiti 1.jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=Bryant, H |authority-year= 1867|authority-not-original=yes
|range= Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic)
|range-image=File:Spindalis dominicensis map.svg
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= LC
|population=
|direction=
|subspecies=
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=Jamaican spindalis |binomial=Spindalis nigricephala
|image=File:Jamaican Spindalis (Spindalis nigricephala) (8082131069).jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=|image-caption=Male
|image2 =File:Jamaican Spindalis RWD2.jpg|image2-caption=Female
|authority-name=Jameson |authority-year=1835 |authority-not-original=yes
|range= Jamaica
|range-image=File:Spindalis nigricephala map.svg
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= LC
|population=
|direction=
|subspecies=
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=Puerto Rican spindalis |binomial=Spindalis portoricensis
|image=File:Puerto Rican Stripe-headed Tanager (male) (5403225223).jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=|image-caption=Male
|image2 =File:Puerto Rican Stripe-headed Tanager (female) (5403225013).jpg|image2-caption=Female
|authority-name=Bryant, H|authority-year= 1866 |authority-not-original=yes
|range=Puerto Rico
|range-image=File:Spindalis portoricensis map.svg
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= LC
|population=
|direction=
|subspecies=
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=Western spindalis |binomial=Spindalis zena
|image=File:Spindalis zena pretrei, Ciego de Avila Province, Cuba 1 (cropped).jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=|image-caption=Male
|image2 =File:Western spindalis (Spindalis zena pretrei) female.JPG|image2-caption=Female
|authority-name=Linnaeus |authority-year=1758 |authority-not-original=yes
|range= southeastern Florida and the western Caribbean (Cozumel, the Cayman Islands, Cuba, the Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands)
|range-image=File:Spindalis zena map.svg
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= LC
|population=
|direction=
|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Five subspecies |bullets=on
| S. z. zena
| S. z. townsendi
| S. z. pretrei
| S. z. salvini
| S. z. benedicti
}}
}}
{{Species table/end}}
Taxonomy
Historically, the genus consisted of a single polytypic species, Spindalis zena (with the common name of stripe-headed tanager), with eight recognized subspecies—S. z. townsendi and S. z. zena from the Bahamas, S. z. pretrei from Cuba, S. z. salvini from Grand Cayman, S. z. dominicensis from Hispaniola and Gonâve Island, S. z. portoricensis from Puerto Rico, S. z. nigreciphala from Jamaica, and S. z. benedicti from Cozumel Island. In 1997, based primarily on morphological and vocalization differences, three of the subspecies (portoricensis, dominicensis and nigricephala) were elevated to species status. S. zena remained a polytypic species with five recognized subspecies—S. z. pretrei, S. z. salvini, S. z. benedicti, S. z. townsendi, and S. z. zena.{{sfn|Garrido et al.|1997|pp=588–589}}
References
{{Reflist}}
Sources
{{Refbegin}}
- {{Cite journal | last1=Garrido | first1=O.H. | last2=Parkes | first2=K.C. | last3=Reynard | first3=G.B. | last4=Kirkconnell | first4=A. | last5=Sutton | first5=R. | date=1997 | title=Taxonomy of the stripe-headed tanager, genus Spindalis (Aves:Thraupidae) of the West Indies | journal=The Wilson Bulletin | volume=109 | issue=4 | pages=561–594 | url=http://sora.unm.edu/node/131513 | ref={{sfnRef|Garrido et al.|1997}} }}
{{Refend}}
{{Passeroidea|E.|state=collapsed}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q367998}}
Category:Taxa named by Sir William Jardine
Category:Taxa named by Prideaux John Selby
{{Passeroidea-stub}}