spurdog
{{Short description|Genus of sharks}}
{{Redirect|Squalus|the submarine called Squalus|USS Sailfish (SS-192){{!}}USS Sailfish (SS-192)}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Spurdogs
| fossil_range = {{fossil_range|89.8|0}} Campanian to Present{{cite journal
| last = Sepkoski
| first = J.J.Jr
| title = A Compendium of Fossil Marine Animal Genera
| journal = Bulletins of American Paleontology
| volume = 363
| pages = 1–560
| year = 2002
| url =http://strata.geology.wisc.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=575&rank=class
}}
| image = Squalus_acanthias2.jpg
| image_caption = Spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias)
| taxon = Squalus
| type_species = Squalus acanthias
| type_species_authority = Linnaeus, 1758
| synonyms =
- Squalis Radermacher, 1779 (Missp.)
- Acanthorhinus de Blainville, 1816
- Acanthias Leach, 1818[https://www.zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/fdc38a6a-2af0-45cc-a232-d4443e412ea2 ZooBank: Acanthias Leach, 1818]
- Flakeus Whitley, 1939[https://www.zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/67730d84-00b8-4127-94fb-0a63adcda3c4 ZooBank: Flakeus Whitley, 1939]
- Koinga Whitley, 1939[https://www.zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/c3b75939-91bc-4225-9c97-c768aff2a8b0 ZooBank: Koinga Whitley, 1939]
}}
Squalus is a genus of dogfish sharks in the family Squalidae. Commonly known as spurdogs, these sharks are characterized by smooth dorsal fin spines, teeth in upper and lower jaws similar in size, caudal peduncle with lateral keels; upper precaudal pit usually present, and caudal fin without subterminal notch. In spurdogs, the hyomandibula (the bone connecting the braincase to the jaws) is oriented at a right angle to the neurocranium, while in other sharks, the hyomandibula runs more parallel to the body. This led some to think that the upper jaw of Squalus would not be as protractile as the jaws of other sharks. However, a study that compared different jaw suspension types in sharks showed that this is not the case and that Squalus is quite capable of protruding its upper jaw during feeding.Wilga, C.D., Motta, P.J. & Sanford, C.P. (2007): Evolution and ecology of feeding in elasmobranchs. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 47 (1): 55-69.
The name comes from squalus, the Latin for shark; this word is the root for numerous words related to sharks such as squaline and scientific names for sharks, such as the order Squaliformes.
Species
Currently, 33 recognized species are placed in this genus:
- Squalus acanthias Linnaeus, 1758 (spiny dogfish)
- Squalus albicaudus Viana, M. R. de Carvalho & U. L. Gomes, 2016 (Brazilian whitetail dogfish) Viana, S.T.d.F., Carvalho, M.R.d. & Gomes, U.L. (2016): Taxonomy and morphology of species of the genus Squalus Linnaeus, 1758 from the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean (Chondrichthyes: Squaliformes: Squalidae). Zootaxa, 4133 (1): 1-89.
- Squalus albifrons Last, W. T. White & J. D. Stevens, 2007 (eastern highfin spurdog)
- Squalus altipinnis Last, W. T. White & J. D. Stevens, 2007 (western highfin spurdog)
- Squalus bahiensis Viana, M. R. de Carvalho & U. L. Gomes, 2016 (northeastern Brazilian dogfish)
- Squalus blainville (A. Risso, 1827) (longnose spurdog)
- Squalus brevirostris S. Tanaka (I), 1917 (Japanese shortnose spurdog)
- Squalus bucephalus Last, Séret & Pogonoski, 2007 (bighead spurdog)
- Squalus chloroculus Last, W. T. White & Motomura, 2007 (greeneye spurdog)
- Squalus clarkae Pfleger, Grubbs, Cotton & Daly-Engel, 2018 (Genie's dogfish)
- Squalus crassispinus Last, M. J. Edmunds & Yearsley, 2007 (fatspine spurdog)
- Squalus cubensis Howell-Rivero, 1936 (Cuban dogfish)
- Squalus edmundsi W. T. White, Last & J. D. Stevens, 2007 (Edmund's spurdog)
- Squalus formosus W. T. White & Iglésias, 2011 (Taiwan spurdog)
- Squalus grahami W. T. White, Last & J. D. Stevens, 2007 (eastern longnose spurdog)
- Squalus griffini Phillipps, 1931 (northern spiny dogfish)
- Squalus hawaiiensis Daly-Engel, Koch, Anderson, Cotton, Grubbs, 2018 (Hawaiian spurdog)
- Squalus hemipinnis W. T. White, Last & Yearsley, 2007 (Indonesian shortsnout spurdog)
- Squalus hima Swetha, Bineesh, Beira, Das, & Bhaskar, 2024{{cite journal|url=https://shark-references.com/species/view/Squalus-hima?fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTAAAR0hKUSTvqR3HbgdFIewGA-s3TZRScgiLZAaXMpF8qrxTXmwt2JhwuKv6Fo_aem_P5WEh5GEfCzr-vGC_S00Aw|title=Squalus hima Sweta & Bineesh, 2024|website=Shark-References.com}} (Indian spurdog)
- Squalus japonicus Ishikawa, 1908 (Japanese spurdog)
- Squalus lalannei Baranes, 2003 (Seychelles spurdog)
- Squalus lobularis Viana, M. R. de Carvalho & U. L. Gomes, 2016 (Atlantic lobefin dogfish)
- Squalus megalops (W. J. Macleay, 1881) (shortnose spurdog)
- Squalus melanurus Fourmanoir & Rivaton, 1979 (blacktailed spurdog)
- Squalus mitsukurii D. S. Jordan & Snyder, 1903 (shortspine spurdog)
- Squalus montalbani Whitley, 1931 (Indonesian greeneye spurdog)
- Squalus nasutus Last, L. J. Marshall & W. T. White, 2007 (western longnose spurdog)
- Squalus notocaudatus Last, W. T. White & J. D. Stevens, 2007 (bartail spurdog)
- Squalus quasimodo Viana, M. R. de Carvalho & U. L. Gomes, 2016 (humpback western dogfish)
- Squalus rancureli Fourmanoir & Rivaton, 1979 (Cyrano spurdog)
- Squalus raoulensis Duffy & Last, 2007 (Kermadec spiny dogfish)
- Squalus shiraii Viana & M. R. de Carvalho, 2020 (Shirai's spurdog) {{Cite journal|last1=Viana|first1=Sarah T. F. L.|last2=Carvalho|first2=Marcelo R. de|date=2020-10-06|title=Squalus shiraii sp. nov. (Squaliformes, Squalidae), a new species of dogfish shark from Japan with regional nominal species revisited|url=https://zse.pensoft.net/article/51962/|journal=Zoosystematics and Evolution|language=en|volume=96|issue=2|pages=275–311|doi=10.3897/zse.96.51962|issn=1860-0743|doi-access=free}}
- Squalus suckleyi (Girard, 1855) (Pacific spiny dogfish)
Image:Spiny dogfish.jpg|Squalus acanthias
Image:Squalus altipinnis.jpg|Squalus altipinnis
Image:Squalus blainville.jpg|Squalus blainville
Image:Squalus bucephalus JNC2621 Body.JPG|Squalus bucephalus
Image:Squalus chloroculus.jpg|Squalus chloroculus
Image:Squalus crassispinus.jpg|Squalus crassispinus
Image:Squalus cubensis eits.jpg|Squalus cubensis
Image:Squalus megalops.jpg|Squalus megalops
Image:Squalus melanurus JNC2719 Body.JPG|Squalus melanurus
Image:HutoTZ.jpg|Squalus mitsukurii
See also
References
{{Reflist}}
{{Selachimorpha}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q737224}}
{{Authority control}}