steorn

{{Infobox company

|name = Steorn Ltd.

|logo = Image:Steorn-logo.jpg

|type = Private Limited

|slogan =

| founded = 2000

| defunct = 2016

| fate = Liquidated

|location = Docklands Innovation Park, East Wall Road, Dublin 3, Ireland

|industry = Energy technology[http://orbo.com/ Orbo – The Battery Is Dead – Orbo technology – the battery is dead]

|num_employees = 18

|products = Charging and power systems, cellular telephones, research and development

|revenue = €1,000 (2005){{cite web| date = 9 February 2006 | url = http://www.steorn.com/about/investor/ | title = Steorn Investor Relations | publisher = Steorn Ltd. | access-date = 11 September 2007}}

| net_income = € -1,794,648 (2005)

| homepage = [http://www.steorn.com www.steorn.com] [https://web.archive.org/web/20150315234746/http://www.steorn.com/ Archive link as of March 2015]

}}

Steorn Ltd ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|t|j|ɔr|n}}) was a small, private technology development company based in Dublin, Ireland. In August 2006, it announced that it had developed a technology to provide "free, clean, and constant energy" via an apparent perpetual motion machine, something which is contrary to the law of conservation of energy, a fundamental principle of physics.

Steorn challenged the scientific community to investigate its claim and, in December 2006, said that it had chosen a jury of scientists to do so. In June 2009 the jury gave its unanimous verdict that Steorn had not demonstrated the production of energy.

Steorn gave two public demonstrations of its technology. In the first demonstration, in July 2007 at the Kinetica Museum in London, the device failed to work. The second demonstration, which ran from December 2009 to February 2010 at the Waterways Visitor Centre in Dublin, involved a motor powered by a battery and provided no independent evidence that excess energy was being generated. It was dismissed by the press as an attempt to build a perpetual motion machine,{{cite news|last=Goldacre |first=Ben |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2007/jul/07/badscience.uknews |title=Perpetual motion goes into reverse|newspaper=The Guardian |date=7 July 2007|access-date=10 June 2013}} and a publicity stunt.

In November 2016, the company laid off its staff, closed its facility, and prepared for liquidation.{{cite news|first=Barry |last=Whyte |url=https://www.businesspost.ie/business/power-off-steorn-finally-energy-e23-million-funding-370313 |title=Power Off: Steorn finally out of energy after €23 million in funding |work=The Sunday Business Post |date=13 November 2016| access-date=13 November 2016}}{{cite web|first=Michael |last=Ferrier |url=http://dispatchesfromthefuture.com/2016/11/steorn-liquidates/ |title=Steorn Liquidates |website=dispatchesfromthefuture.com |date=13 November 2016| access-date=14 November 2016}} It was finally liquidated in May 2024.{{cite news |last1=Mulligan |first1=John |title=Irish Business Steorn finally goes supernova as company that promised ‘free energy’ completes liquidation process |url=https://www.independent.ie/business/irish/steorn-finally-goes-supernova-as-company-that-promised-free-energy-completes-liquidation-process/a202323699.html |access-date=14 May 2024 |publisher=Irish Independent |date=13 May 2024}}

History

Steorn was founded in 2000

{{Cite news

|url = http://www.irishexaminer.com/irishexaminer/pages/story.aspx-qqqg=business-qqqm=business-qqqa=business-qqqid=11133-qqqx=1.asp

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060821193017/http://www.irishexaminer.com/irishexaminer/pages/story.aspx-qqqg%3Dbusiness-qqqm%3Dbusiness-qqqa%3Dbusiness-qqqid%3D11133-qqqx%3D1.asp

|archive-date = 21 August 2006

|title = Wanted: scientists to test free energy technology

|work = Irish Examiner

|date = 20 August 2006

|access-date = 20 August 2006

|url-status = dead

|df = dmy-all

}} and, in October 2001, its website stated that it was a "specialist service company providing programme management and technical assessment advice for European companies engaging in e-commerce projects". Steorn is a Norse word meaning to guide or manage.

In May 2006, The Sunday Business Post reported that Steorn was a former dot-com company which was developing a microgenerator product based on the same principle as self-winding watches, as well as creating e-commerce websites for customers. The company had also recently raised about €2.5 million from investors and was three years into a four-year development plan for its microgenerator technology.

{{Cite news

| first = Gavin

| last = Daly

| url = https://www.businesspost.ie/legacy/firm-strives-to-extend-mobile-battery-lifespans-62053

| title = Firm strives to extend mobile battery lifespans

| work = The Sunday Business Post

| date = 20 May 2006

| access-date = 14 November 2016}} Steorn later stated that the account given in this interview was intended to prevent a leak regarding their free energy technology.{{cite web

| date = 1 October 2006

| url = http://www.steorn.net/forum/comments.php?DiscussionID=17962&page=5&Comment_271002

| title = Energy Issues

| publisher = Steorn

| access-date = 26 October 2006

| archive-date = 10 October 2007

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071010204739/http://www.steorn.net/forum/comments.php?DiscussionID=17962&page=5&Comment_271002

| url-status = usurped

}}

The company's investment history shows several share allotments for cash between August 2000 and October 2005,

{{cite web

| url = http://www.cro.ie/search/submissionse.asp?number=330508&BI=C

| archive-url = https://archive.today/20141005004811/http://www.cro.ie/search/submissionse.asp?number=330508&BI=C

| url-status = dead

| archive-date = 5 October 2014

| title = Steorn Company Submissions

| publisher = Companies Registration Office

| access-date = 16 October 2006}} the investments totalling €3 million. In 2006, Steorn secured €8.1 million in loans from a range of investors in order to continue its research, and these funds were also converted into shares.

{{Cite news

|first = John

|last = Downes

|url = http://www.tribune.ie/article/2008/aug/10/free-energy-firm-generated-8m-in-funding/

|title = 'Free energy' firm generated €8m in funding

|work = Sunday Tribune

|date = 10 August 2008

|access-date = 5 November 2008

|url-status = dead

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081014201335/http://www.tribune.ie/article/2008/aug/10/free-energy-firm-generated-8m-in-funding/

|archive-date = 14 October 2008

|df = dmy-all

}} Steorn said that it would seek no further funding while attempting to prove its free-energy claim in order to demonstrate its genuine desire for validation.

=Liquidation=

In June 2016, the company informed shareholders that it had failed to meet expectations, that company founder Shaun (Seán) McCarthy was being replaced as CEO, and that operating costs were nearly €1 million per year. After investments totaling nearly €23 million over a ten-year period, in November 2016 the company shut down and laid off its staff, due to a lack of additional funding to continue operations.

The liquidator, from Deloitte, finished the liquidation process in May 2024, with €344,000 owed to creditors and only €80,000 in assets.{{cite news |last1=Mulligan |first1=John |title=Irish Business Steorn finally goes supernova as company that promised ‘free energy’ completes liquidation process |url=https://www.independent.ie/business/irish/steorn-finally-goes-supernova-as-company-that-promised-free-energy-completes-liquidation-process/a202323699.html |access-date=14 May 2024 |publisher=Irish Independent |date=13 May 2024}}

Free energy claim

In August 2006, Steorn placed an advertisement in The Economist saying that it had developed a technology that produced "free, clean and constant energy".{{cite web

| url = http://dispatchesfromthefuture.com/images/steorn_economist_ad.jpg

| title = Copy of Steorn advertisement featured in The Economist, hosted by dispatchesfromthefuture.com

| format = JPEG

| access-date = 21 January 2009}} Called Orbo, the technology was said to violate conservation of energy but had allegedly been validated by eight independent scientists.{{Cite news

| url = http://environment.guardian.co.uk/energy/story/0,,1858172,00.html

| title = These men think they're about to change the world

| work = The Guardian

| date = 25 August 2006

| location=London

| access-date=24 May 2010

| first=Steve

| last=Boggan}} Steorn claimed none of these scientists would talk to the media, and suggested that this was because they did not want to become embroiled in a controversy.

=Views on the technology=

No specific details of the workings of the claimed technology were made public. McCarthy stated in a 2006 RTÉ radio interview, "What we have developed is a way to construct magnetic fields so that when you travel round the magnetic fields, starting and stopping at the same position, you have gained energy".

{{Cite news

| url = https://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20060818/bs_afp/irelandscienceenergy

| title = Irish company challenges scientists to test 'free energy' technology

| work = Yahoo! News

| date = 18 August 2006

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060903183705/http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20060818/bs_afp/irelandscienceenergy

| archive-date = 3 September 2006}} In 2011, Steorn's website was updated to suggest that the Orbo is based on magnetic fields which vary over time. Barry Williams of the Australian Skeptics has pointed out that Steorn is "not the first company to claim they have suddenly discovered the miraculous property of magnetism that allows you to get free energy" while Martin Fleischmann says that it is not credible that positioning of magnetic fields could create energy.

Following a meeting between McCarthy and Professor Sir Eric Ash in July 2007, Ash reported that "the Orbo is a mechanical device which uses powerful magnets on the rim of a rotor and further magnets on an outer shell."

{{Cite news

| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/6283374.stm

| title = The perpetual myth of free energy

| work = BBC News

| date = 9 July 2007

|access-date=9 July 2007}} During this meeting, McCarthy referred to the law of conservation of energy as scientific dogma. However, conservation of energy is a fundamental principle of physics,

{{cite news

| url = http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2006/08/19/1155408071307.html

| title = Irish energy miracle 'a joke'

| newspaper = The Age

| date = 20 August 2006

| access-date = 20 August 2006

| location=Melbourne

| first=Peter

| last=Weekes}} more specifically a consequence of the unchanging nature of physical laws with time by Noether's Theorem. Ash said that there was no comparison with religious dogma since there is no flexibility in choosing to accept that energy is always conserved. Rejecting conservation of energy would undermine all science and technology. Ash also formed the opinion that McCarthy was truly convinced in the validity of his invention but that this conviction was a case of "prolonged self-deception."

Many people have accused Steorn of engaging in a publicity stunt although Steorn denied such accusations.{{cite web

| url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/podsandblogs/2006/08/caught_in_a_tale_spin.shtml

| title = Caught in a Tale Spin

| work = Pods&Blogs

| author = Chris Vallance

| date = 23 August 2006

| publisher = BBC

| access-date = 25 June 2009}} Eric Berger, writing on the Houston Chronicle website, commented: "Steorn is a former e-business company that saw its market vanish during the dot.com bust. It stands to reason that Steorn has retooled as a Web marketing company and is using the 'free energy' promotion as a platform to show future clients how it can leverage print advertising and a slick Web site to promote their products and ideas".

{{cite web

| last = Berger

| first = Eric

| author-link=Eric Berger (meteorologist)

| date = 19 August 2006

| url = http://blogs.chron.com/sciguy/archives/2006/08/steorn_and_free_1.html

| title = Steorn and free energy: the plot thickens

| work = SciGuy

| publisher = Houston Chronicle blogs

| access-date = 21 August 2006}} Thomas Ricker at Engadget suggested that Steorn's free-energy claim was a ruse to improve brand recognition and to help them sell Hall probes,{{cite web

| url = https://www.engadget.com/2009/06/25/steorn-gives-up-on-free-energy-starts-charging-for-usb-powered/

| title = Steorn gives up on free-energy, starts charging for USB-powered divining rods

| author = Thomas Ricker

| date = 25 June 2009

| publisher = Engadget

| access-date = 25 June 2009}} while Josh Catone, features editor for Mashable, believes that it was merely an elaborate hoax.

{{cite web

| last = Catone

| first = Josh

| date = 15 July 2009

| url = http://mashable.com/2009/07/15/internet-hoaxes/

| title = Top 15 Web Hoaxes of All Time

| publisher = Mashable

| access-date = 21 July 2009}}

=Jury process=

In its advertisement in The Economist, Steorn challenged scientists to form an independent jury to test its technology and publish the results.{{cite web

| url = http://www.steorn.net/news/releases/?id=981

| title = Steorn announces plans for widespread deployment of its free energy technology post-validation

| publisher = Steorn

| date = 11 January 2007

| access-date = 6 July 2007

| archive-date = 27 June 2007

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070627090822/http://www.steorn.net/news/releases/?id=981

| url-status = usurped

}} Within 36 hours of the advertisement being published, 420 scientists contacted Steorn{{cite news

| date = 20 August 2006

| url = http://observer.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,,1854305,00.html

| title = Scientists flock to test 'free energy' discovery

| work = Guardian Unlimited

| access-date = 20 August 2006

| location=London

| first=David

| last=Smith}} and, on 1 December 2006, Steorn announced it had selected a jury.

{{cite web

| date = 1 December 2006

| url = http://www.steorn.net/news/releases/?id=911

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070221052040/http://www.steorn.net/news/releases/?id=911

| archive-date = 21 February 2007

| title = Steorn finalises contracts for jury to test its free energy technology

| url-status = usurped

| access-date = 5 March 2009}} It was headed by Ian MacDonald, emeritus professor of electrical engineering at the University of Alberta, and the process began in February 2007.{{Cite news

| url = http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2009/0624/1224249416758.html

| title = Irish "energy for nothing" gizmo fails jury vetting

| author = Dick Ahlstrom

| work = Irish Times

| date = 24 June 2009}} {{Subscription required}}

In June 2009 the jury announced its unanimous verdict that "Steorn's attempts to demonstrate the claim have not shown the production of energy. The jury is therefore ceasing work". Dick Ahlstrom, writing in the Irish Times, concluded from this that Steorn's technology did not work. Steorn responded by saying that because of difficulties in implementing the technology the focus of the process had been on providing the jury with test data on magnetic effects for study. Steorn also said that these difficulties had been resolved and disputed its jury's findings.

=Demonstrations=

File:Steorn cancellation.jpg

On 4 July 2007, the technology was to be displayed at the Kinetica Museum, Spitalfields Market, London. A unit constructed of clear plastic was prepared so that the arrangement of magnets could be seen and to demonstrate that the device operated without external power sources.

{{Cite news

| url = http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/business/irish-firms-display-of-freeenergy-machine-delayed-13456059.html

| title = Irish firm's display of 'free-energy' machine delayed

| work = Belfast Telegraph

| date = 5 July 2007}}

{{Cite news

| url = http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2007/0704/breaking46.htm

| title = 'Free' energy technology goes on display

| newspaper = The Irish Times

| date = 4 July 2007

| access-date = 5 July 2007}} The public demonstration was delayed and then cancelled because of technical difficulties. Steorn initially said that the problems had been caused by excessive heat from the lighting.

{{Cite journal

| first = Michael

| last = Schirber

| title = Harsh light shines on free energy

| journal = Physics World

| volume = 20

| issue = 8

| page = 9

|date=August 2007

| doi = 10.1088/2058-7058/20/8/15

}}

A second demonstration ran between 15 December 2009 and February 2010 at the Waterways Visitor Centre in Dublin, and was streamed via Steorn's website.{{cite news

| date = 14 December 2009

| url = http://community.zdnet.co.uk/blog/0,1000000567,10014626o-2000331777b,00.htm

| title = Steorn sets up for second bite at perpetual cherry

| work = ZDNet

| author = Rupert Goodwins

| access-date = 14 December 2009

| archive-date = 16 December 2009

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091216131435/http://community.zdnet.co.uk/blog/0,1000000567,10014626o-2000331777b,00.htm

| url-status = dead

}} The demonstration was of a device powered by a rechargeable battery. Steorn said that the device produced more energy than it consumed and recharged the battery.{{cite news

| date = 15 December 2009

| url = http://news.zdnet.co.uk/emergingtech/0,1000000183,39938307-1,00.htm

| title = Steorn shows revolving Orbo to the public

| work = ZDNet

| author = Rupert Goodwins

| access-date = 15 December 2009

| archive-date = 18 December 2009

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091218171743/http://news.zdnet.co.uk/emergingtech/0,1000000183,39938307-1,00.htm

| url-status = dead

}} No substantive details of the technology were revealed and no independent evidence of Steorn's claim was provided.

On 1 April 2010 Steorn opened an online development community, called the Steorn Knowledge Development Base (SKDB), which it said would explain its technology. Access was available only under licence on payment of a fee.{{cite web

| date = 6 June 2010

| url = http://www.sbpost.ie/news/ireland/free-energy-firm-to-make-over-2m-this-year-49707.html

| title = 'Free' energy firm to make over €2m this year

| publisher = ThePost.ie

| author = Gavin Daly

| access-date = 8 June 2010}}

In May 2015, Steorn put an "Orbo PowerCube" on display behind the bar of a pub in Dublin. The PowerCube was a small box which the pub website claimed contained a "perpetual motion motor" which required no external power source. The cube was shown charging a mobile phone. Steorn claimed to be performing some "basic field trials" in undisclosed locations.{{cite news | url=http://www.irishtimes.com/business/technology/self-charging-battery-causes-a-stir-in-dublin-pub-test-1.2211622 | title=Self-charging battery causes a stir in Dublin pub test | newspaper=Irish Times | date=14 May 2015 | access-date=17 June 2015 | author=Boran, Marie}}

=Orbo phone charger=

Beginning in December 2015, Steorn began accepting orders for two products, including a phone charger,{{cite news | url=http://boingboing.net/2015/12/08/free-energy-for-sale-steorn.html| title=Free energy for sale: Steorn's impossible Orbo hits the market | work=boingboing.net | date=8 December 2015| access-date=22 March 2016 | first=Michael|last=Ferrier}}{{cite news | url=http://www.irishtimes.com/business/fact-or-fiction-irish-firm-invents-everlasting-battery-1.2506832| title=Fact or fiction: Irish firm invents everlasting battery | work=Irish Times | date=25 January 2016 | access-date=22 March 2016 | first=Mark|last=Hilliard}} through email only. The announcement was posted only to a Facebook page titled "Orbo" and a Steorn YouTube channel.{{cite web|last=McCarthy |first=Shaun |url=https://www.facebook.com/thebatteryisdead/videos/vb.217496297671/10153385384347672 |title=Orbo Webinar 2|publisher=Steorn |date=1 December 2015|access-date=1 December 2015}} In early December, McCarthy said that he was waiting for the first shipment of the two products, the Orbo Phone and the Orbo Cube, from a manufacturer in China.{{Cite web|title = In the Docklands, a Company Relaunches Claims of Perpetual Motion Machine|url = http://dublininquirer.com/2015/12/09/in-the-docklands-a-company-relaunches-perpetual-motion/|website = Dublin Inquirer|access-date = 9 December 2015|first = Paul|last = McNulty}}{{Dead link|date=June 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }} Steorn described the Orbo Cube as a showcase for the technology rather than a mass-market product, with the Cube retailing at €1,200.