stiff voice

{{Infobox IPA

| ipa symbol = ◌̭

}}

The term stiff voice describes the pronunciation of consonants or vowels with a glottal opening narrower, and the vocal folds stiffer, than occurs in modal voice. Although there is no specific IPA diacritic for stiff voice, the voicing diacritic (a subscript wedge) may be used in conjunction with the symbol for a voiced consonant.{{SOWL}}{{page needed|date=August 2018}} In Bru, for example, stiff-voiced vowels have tenseness in the glottis and pharynx without going so far as to be creaky voiced, whereas slack-voiced vowels are lax in the glottis without going so far as to be breathy voice.{{cite journal |last1=Gordon |first1=Matthew |last2=Ladefoged |first2=Peter |year=2001 |url=http://www.linguistics.ucsb.edu/faculty/gordon/phonation.pdf |title=Phonation types: A cross-linguistic overview |journal=Journal of Phonetics |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=383–406 |doi=10.1006/jpho.2001.0147|citeseerx=10.1.1.232.7720 }}

One language with stiff voice is Thai:

class="wikitable" ! !! colspan=3\|Bilabial !! colspan=3\|Dental
phonation \|\| Thai \|\| IPA \|\| gloss \|\| Thai \|\| IPA \|\| gloss
stiff voice \| {{lang\|th\|บ้า}} {{Transliteration\|th\|bâa}} \|\| {{IPA\|[b̬âː]}} \|\| {{gloss\|crazy}} \| {{lang\|th\|ด่า}} {{Transliteration\|th\|dàa}} \|\| {{IPA\|[d̪̬àː]}} \|\| {{gloss\|curse, scold}}
tenuis \| {{lang\|th\|ป้า}} {{Transliteration\|th\|bpâa}} \|\| {{IPA\|[pâː]}} \|\| {{gloss\|aunt}} \| {{lang\|th\|ตา}} {{Transliteration\|th\|dtaa}} \|\| {{IPA\|[t̪āː]}} \|\| {{gloss\|eye}}
aspirated \| {{lang\|th\|ผ้า}} {{Transliteration\|th\|pâa}} \|\| {{IPA\|[pʰâː]}} \|\| {{gloss\|cloth}} \| {{lang\|th\|ท่า}} {{Transliteration\|th\|tâa}} \|\| {{IPA\|[t̪ʰâː]}} \|\| {{gloss\|landing place}}

class="wikitable"

! !! colspan=3|Bilabial !! colspan=3|Dental

phonation || Thai || IPA || gloss || Thai || IPA || gloss

stiff voice

| {{lang|th|บ้า}} {{Transliteration|th|bâa}} || {{IPA|[b̬âː]}} || {{gloss|crazy}}

| {{lang|th|ด่า}} {{Transliteration|th|dàa}} || {{IPA|[d̪̬àː]}} || {{gloss|curse, scold}}

tenuis

| {{lang|th|ป้า}} {{Transliteration|th|bpâa}} || {{IPA|[pâː]}} || {{gloss|aunt}}

| {{lang|th|ตา}} {{Transliteration|th|dtaa}} || {{IPA|[t̪āː]}} || {{gloss|eye}}

aspirated

| {{lang|th|ผ้า}} {{Transliteration|th|pâa}} || {{IPA|[pʰâː]}} || {{gloss|cloth}}

| {{lang|th|ท่า}} {{Transliteration|th|tâa}} || {{IPA|[t̪ʰâː]}} || {{gloss|landing place}}

Javanese contrasts stiff and slack voiced bilabial, dental, retroflex, and velar stops.

class=wikitable ! !! colspan=2\|Bilabial !!colspan=2\|Dental Stop !!colspan=2\|Dental Affricate !!colspan=2\|Retroflex !!colspan=2\|Velar
phonation \|\| IPA \|\| gloss \|\| IPA \|\| gloss \|\| IPA \|\| gloss \|\| IPA \|\| gloss \|\| IPA \|\| gloss
stiff voice \| {{IPA\|[paku]}} \|\| {{gloss\|nail}} \| {{IPA\|[tamu]}} \|\| {{gloss\|guest}} \| {{IPA\|[tsariʔ]}} \|\| {{gloss\|sheet (of paper)}} \| {{IPA\|[ʈiʈiʔ]}} \|\| {{gloss\|little}} \| {{IPA\|[kali]}} \|\| {{gloss\|river}}
slack voice \| {{IPA\|[b̥aku]}} \|\| {{gloss\|standard}} \| {{IPA\|[d̥amu]}} \|\| {{gloss\|blow}} \| {{IPA\|[d̥z̥arit]}} \|\| {{gloss\|mode=def\|type of women's clothing}} \| {{IPA\|[ɖ̥isiʔ]}} \|\| {{gloss\|first}} \| {{IPA\|[ɡ̊ali]}} \|\| {{gloss\|dig}}

class=wikitable

phonation || IPA || gloss || IPA || gloss || IPA || gloss || IPA || gloss || IPA || gloss

stiff voice

| {{IPA|[paku]}} || {{gloss|nail}}

| {{IPA|[tamu]}} || {{gloss|guest}}

| {{IPA|[tsariʔ]}} || {{gloss|sheet (of paper)}}

| {{IPA|[ʈiʈiʔ]}} || {{gloss|little}}

| {{IPA|[kali]}} || {{gloss|river}}

slack voice

| {{IPA|[b̥aku]}} || {{gloss|standard}}

| {{IPA|[d̥amu]}} || {{gloss|blow}}

| {{IPA|[d̥z̥arit]}} || {{gloss|mode=def|type of women's clothing}}

| {{IPA|[ɖ̥isiʔ]}} || {{gloss|first}}

| {{IPA|[ɡ̊ali]}} || {{gloss|dig}}

Mpi (Loloish) contrasts modals and stiff voice in its vowels. This is not register: for each of the six Mpi tones, a word may have either a modal or stiff-voiced vowel. For example, low tone contrasts {{IPA|/sì/}} {{gloss|blood}} and {{IPA|/sì̬/}} {{gloss|seven}}.

References

Category:Phonation