straintronics
Straintronics (from strain and electronics) is the study of how folds and mechanically induced stresses in a layer of two-dimensional materials can change their electrical properties.{{Cite journal|last1=Atanasov|first1=Victor|last2=Saxena|first2=Avadh|date=2011-04-08|title=Electronic properties of corrugated graphene: the Heisenberg principle and wormhole geometry in the solid state|journal=Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter|language=en|volume=23|issue=17|pages=175301|doi=10.1088/0953-8984/23/17/175301|pmid=21474883|arxiv=1101.5243|bibcode=2011JPCM...23q5301A|s2cid=44663107|issn=0953-8984}}{{Cite web|last=Gent|first=Edd|date=2021-03-01|title=Graphene 'Nano-Origami' Could Take Us Past the End of Moore's Law|url=https://singularityhub.com/2021/03/01/graphene-nano-origami-could-take-us-past-the-end-of-moores-law/|access-date=2021-03-01|website=Singularity Hub|language=en-US}}{{Cite journal|last1=Bukharaev|first1=A A|last2=Zvezdin|first2=A K|last3=Pyatakov|first3=A P|last4=Fetisov|first4=Yu K|date=2018-12-31|title=Straintronics: a new trend in micro- and nanoelectronics and materials science|journal=Physics-Uspekhi|language=en|volume=61|issue=12|pages=1175–1212|doi=10.3367/ufne.2018.01.038279|arxiv=1101.5243|bibcode=2018PhyU...61.1175B|s2cid=125910158|issn=1063-7869}}{{Cite web|date=2010-07-29|title='Straintronics' debuts in graphene|url=https://physicsworld.com/a/straintronics-debuts-in-graphene/|access-date=2021-03-01|website=Physics World|language=en-GB}}{{Cite journal|last1=Sahalianov|first1=Ihor Yu.|last2=Radchenko|first2=Taras M.|last3=Tatarenko|first3=Valentyn A.|last4=Cuniberti|first4=Gianaurelio|last5=Prylutskyy|first5=Yuriy I.|date=2019-08-02|title=Straintronics in graphene: Extra large electronic band gap induced by tensile and shear strains|url=https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.5095600|journal=Journal of Applied Physics|volume=126|issue=5|pages=054302|doi=10.1063/1.5095600|bibcode=2019JAP...126e4302S|s2cid=201246050|issn=0021-8979|url-access=subscription}}{{Cite news|title=Straintronics|url=https://www.materialstoday.com/carbon/news/straintronics/|access-date=2021-03-01|website=Materials Today}}{{cite arXiv|last1=Azadparvar|first1=Maliheh|last2=Cheraghchi|first2=Hosein|date=2019-12-04|title=Straintronics in graphene nanoribbons|class=cond-mat.mes-hall|eprint=1912.02017}} It is distinct from twistronics in that the latter involves changes in the angle between two layers of 2D material. However, in such multi-layers if strain is applied to only one layers, which is called heterostrain, strain can have similar effect as twist in changing electronic properties.{{Cite journal |last1=Bi |first1=Zhen |last2=Yuan |first2=Noah F. Q. |last3=Fu |first3=Liang |date=2019-07-31 |title=Designing flat bands by strain |url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevB.100.035448 |journal=Physical Review B |volume=100 |issue=3 |pages=035448 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevB.100.035448|arxiv=1902.10146 |bibcode=2019PhRvB.100c5448B |s2cid=118982311 }}{{Cite journal |last1=Mesple |first1=Florie |last2=Missaoui |first2=Ahmed |last3=Cea |first3=Tommaso |last4=Huder |first4=Loic |last5=Guinea |first5=Francisco |last6=Trambly de Laissardière |first6=Guy |last7=Chapelier |first7=Claude |last8=Renard |first8=Vincent T. |date=2021-09-17 |title=Heterostrain Determines Flat Bands in Magic-Angle Twisted Graphene Layers |url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.126405 |journal=Physical Review Letters |volume=127 |issue=12 |pages=126405 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.126405|pmid=34597066 |arxiv=2012.02475 |bibcode=2021PhRvL.127l6405M |s2cid=227305789 }} It is also distinct from, but similar to, the piezoelectric effects which are created by bending, twisting, or squeezing of certain material.