strangling

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Strangling involves one or several mechanisms that interfere with the normal flow of oxygen into the brain:{{cite web|author=Jones, Richard| website=forensicmed.co.uk|title=Asphyxia|url=http://www.forensicmed.co.uk/asphyxia.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060226102952/http://www.forensicmed.co.uk/asphyxia.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 February 2006|date=26 February 2006}}{{cite web|author=Jones, Richard| website=forensicmed.co.uk|title= Strangulation|url=http://www.forensicmed.co.uk/strangulation.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060430224427/http://www.forensicmed.co.uk/strangulation.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 April 2006|access-date=30 April 2006}}

• Compression of the carotid arteries or jugular veins—causing cerebral ischemia.
• Compression of the laryngopharynx, larynx, or trachea—causing asphyxia.
• Stimulation of the carotid sinus reflex—causing bradycardia, hypotension, or both.

Depending on the particular method of strangulation, one or several of these typically occur in combination; vascular obstruction is usually the main mechanism.{{cite web |url=http://www.pathology.ubc.ca/path425/Others/MedicolegalInvestigationOfDeathAndForensic/AsphixiaDrJAJFerris.doc |title=Asphyxia |website=pathology.ubc.ca |author=J. A. J. Ferris |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090927122254/http://www.pathology.ubc.ca/path425/Others/MedicolegalInvestigationOfDeathAndForensic/AsphixiaDrJAJFerris.doc |archive-date=27 September 2009 |url-status=dead}} Complete obstruction of blood flow to the brain is associated with irreversible neurological damage and death,Koiwai, Karl. [http://judoinfo.com/chokes5.htm How Safe is Choking in Judo?]. judoinfo.com. URL last accessed 3 March 2006. but during strangulation there is still unimpeded blood flow in the vertebral arteries.Reay, Donald; Eisele, John. [http://www.charlydmiller.com/LIB/1982neckholds.html Death from law enforcement neck holds]. charlydmiller.com. URL last accessed 3 March 2006 Estimates have been made that significant occlusion of the carotid arteries and jugular veins occurs with a pressure of around {{convert|3.4|N/cm2|abbr=on}}, while the trachea demands six times more at approximately {{convert|22|N/cm2|abbr=on}}.Gunther, Wendy. [http://www.aikiweb.com/techniques/gunther1.html On Chokes (Medical)], with quotations from Spitz and Fisher's Medicolegal Investigation of Death: Guidelines for the Application of Pathology to Crime Investigation. www.aikiweb.com. URL last accessed 3 March 2006.

As in all cases of strangulation, the rapidity of death can be affected by the susceptibility to carotid sinus stimulation. Carotid sinus reflex death is sometimes considered a mechanism of death in cases of strangulation, but it remains highly disputed.Passig, K. [http://www.datenschlag.org/howto/atem/english/csr.html Carotid Sinus reflex death - a theory and its history] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504044744/http://datenschlag.org/howto/atem/english/csr.html |date=2012-05-04 }}. datenschlag.org. URL last accessed 28 February 2006. The reported time from application to unconsciousness varies from 7-14 seconds if effectively applied Koiwai, Karl. [http://judoinfo.com/chokes6.htm Deaths Allegedly Caused by the Use of "Choke Holds" (Shime-Waza)]. judoinfo.com URL last accessed 3 March 2006. to one minute in other cases, with death occurring minutes after unconsciousness.

Manual strangulation (also known as "throttling") is strangling with the hands, fingers, or other extremities and sometimes also with blunt objects, such as batons. Depending on how the strangling is performed, it may compress the airway, interfere with the flow of blood in the neck, or work as a combination of the two. Consequently, manual strangulation may damage the larynx and fracture the hyoid or other bones in the neck. In cases of airway compression, manual strangling leads to the frightening sensation of air hunger and may induce violent struggling.

Manual strangulation is common in situations of domestic violence,{{cite journal |vauthors=Sorenson SB, Joshi M, Sivitz E | year = 2014 | title = A systematic review of the epidemiology of nonfatal strangulation, a human rights and health concern | journal = American Journal of Public Health | volume = 104 | issue = 11| pages = e54–61 | doi = 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302191 | pmid=25211747| pmc = 4202982 }} and is regarded by experts as an especially severe form of domestic violence, due to its extremely frightening and potentially lethal nature, and an observed correlation between non-fatal strangulation in domestic violence and future homicide.{{cite journal |vauthors=Glass N, Laughon K, Campbell JC |title=Non-fatal strangulation is an important risk factor for homicide of women |journal=J Emerg Med |year=2008 |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=329–335 |doi=10.1016/j.jemermed.2007.02.065|pmid=17961956 |display-authors=etal|pmc=2573025 }}

Manual strangulation also has a history as a form of capital punishment, during the 18th century, a sentence of "Death by Throttling" would be passed upon the verdict of a court martial for the crime of desertion from the British Army.Culloden. BBC Drama Documentary, 1964.

More technical variants of manual strangulation are referred to as strangleholds,{{cite web |title=John Danaher Explains The Difference Between a Choke & a Strangle |url=https://www.bjjee.com/articles/john-danaher-explains-the-difference-between-a-choke-a-strangle/ |website=Bjj Eastern Europe |access-date=27 July 2021 |date=18 December 2020}} or chokeholds (despite the term "choke" more technically referring to internal airway restriction), and are extensively practised and used in various martial arts, combat sports, self-defense systems, and in military hand-to-hand combat application. In some martial arts like judo, Brazilian jiu-jitsu, and jujutsu, when applied correctly and released promptly after loss of consciousness, strangleholds that constrict blood flow are regarded as a safer{{cite web |last1=Buck |first1=Andrew |title=Blood Chokes: How Do They Work? |url=https://findyourgi.com/blood-chokes/ |website=Find Your Gi |access-date=27 July 2021 |date=3 September 2019}} means to render an opponent unconscious, when compared to other methods, especially strikes to the head, the latter of which can cause potentially catastrophic or fatal and irreversible brain injuries much more quickly and unpredictably.{{cite web |last1=Green |first1=Aimee |title=One-punch killings: They happen more often than you might think |url=https://www.oregonlive.com/portland/2015/07/one-punch_killings_they_happen.html |website=oregonlive |publisher=Advance Publications |access-date=27 July 2021 |language=en |date=20 July 2015}}

{{Further|Garrote}}

File:Strangulation of Godelieve.jpg]]

Ligature strangulation or garroting is strangling with some form of cord such as rope, wire, chain, or shoelaces (a garrote) either partially or fully circumferencing the neck.Turvey, Brent (1996). [http://www.corpus-delicti.com/ligature.html A guide to the physical analysis of ligature patterns in homicide investigations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120724051447/http://www.corpus-delicti.com/ligature.html |date=2012-07-24 }}. Knowledge Solutions Library, Electronic Publication. www.corpus-delicti.com. URL last accessed 1 March 2006. Even though the mechanism of strangulation is similar, it is usually distinguished from hanging by the strangling force being something other than the person's own body weight. Incomplete occlusion of the carotid arteries is expected and, in cases of homicide, the victim may struggle for a period of time, with unconsciousness typically occurring in 10 to 15 seconds. Cases of ligature strangulation generally involve homicides of women, children, and the elderly. Compared to hanging, the ligature mark will most likely be located lower on the neck of the victim.

During the Spanish Inquisition, victims who admitted their alleged sins and recanted were killed via ligature strangulation (i.e. the garrote) before their bodies were burnt during the auto-da-fé.Reston, James Jr. Dogs of God: Columbus, the Inquisition, and the Defeat of the Moors. Doubleday, 2005. {{ISBN|0-385-50848-4}}. Throughout much of the 20th and 21st centuries, the American Mafia used ligature strangulation as a means of murdering their victims. Confessed American serial killer Altemio Sanchez used ligature strangulation in the rapes and/or murders of his victims, as did Gary Ridgway (the Green River Killer) and British serial killer Dennis Nilsen.{{cite book |first= Brian |last=Masters|author-link=Brian Masters|title=Killing for Company: The Case of Dennis Nilsen |page=160 |publisher=Random House |location=New York City |year= 1985 |isbn=978-0-812-83104-7}}

{{Anchor|Incaprettamento}}Incaprettamento (derived from a term meaning "to tie up like a kid goat") is a method of strangulation in which the victim's neck is tied to their legs bent behind their back (similar to hogtie), so that the victim effectively strangled themselves. This method was common throughout Neolithic Europe, and occurred for over two thousands years in northern and southern Europe, as evidenced by skeleton remains. It is uncertain why it was so common, but researchers speculate a person bound in this way might be considered to have strangled themselves, versus being killed by someone else. Victims may have been part of a ritual sacrifice. Rock art in Addaura Cave, Sicily, made between 16,000 and 13,000 BP, depict two human figures bound in the incaprettamento manner. Today, it is a method of homicide mostly associated with the Italian Mafia, who have used it as a ritual warning or reprimand.{{cite web |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/neolithic-women-europe-were-tied-191955892.html |title=Neolithic women in Europe were tied up and buried alive in ritual sacrifices, study suggests |work=LiveScience |via=Yahoo! News |first=Tom |last=Metcalfe |date=April 10, 2014 |access-date=2024-04-10}}{{cite journal |title=Typical Homicide Ritual of the Italian Mafia (Incaprettamento) |journal=The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology |first1=V. |last1=Fineschi |date=March 1998 |volume=97 |number=1 |pages=87-92 |url=https://journals.lww.com/amjforensicmedicine/abstract/1998/03000/typical_homicide_ritual_of_the_italian_mafia.17.aspx }}{{cite journal |last1=Ludes |first1=Bertrand |last2=Alcouffe |first2=Ameline |last3=Tupikova |first3=Irina |last4=Gérard |first4=Patrice |last5=Tchérémissinoff |first5=Yaramila |last6=Ribéron |first6=Alexandre |last7=Guilaine |first7=Jean |last8=Beeching |first8=Alain |last9=Crubézy |first9=Eric |title=A ritual murder shaped the Early and Middle Neolithic across Central and Southern Europe |journal=Science Advances |date=2024 |volume=10 |issue=15 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.adl3374 |doi-access=free|pmc=11006212 }}

• Beheading
• Capital punishment
• Fainting game
• Hanging
• Long drop
• Short drop
• Strangulation in domestic violence
• Thuggee

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite book|author=Ohlenkamp, Neil |year=2006|url=http://judounleashed.com|title=Judo Unleashed|publisher=McGraw-Hill Education |isbn=0-07-147534-6}} Basic reference on judo choking techniques.

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Category:Abuse

Category:Violence

Category:Execution methods

Category:Causes of death