stress shielding

{{Short description|Type of reduction in bone density}}

Stress shielding is the reduction in bone density (osteopenia) as a result of removal of typical stress from the bone by an implant (for instance, the femoral component of a hip prosthesis).{{cite journal|last1=Ibrahim|first1=H.|last2=Esfahani|first2=S. N.|last3=Poorganji|first3=B.|last4=Dean|first4=D.|last5=Elahinia|first5=M.|title=Resorbable bone fixation alloys, forming, and post-fabrication treatments|journal=Materials Science and Engineering: C|date=January 2017|volume=70|issue=1|pages=870–888|doi=10.1016/j.msec.2016.09.069|pmid=27770965|url=https://zenodo.org/record/996947|doi-access=free}} This is because by Wolff's law,{{cite journal |year=1994 |last1=Frost |first1=HM |journal=The Angle Orthodontist |volume=64 |issue=3|pages=175–188 |pmid=8060014 |title=Wolff's Law and bone's structural adaptations to mechanical usage: an overview for clinicians }} bone in a healthy person or animal remodels in response to the loads it is placed under. It is possible to mention the elastic modulus of magnesium (41–45 GPa) compared to titanium (110–127 GPa), stainless steel (189–205 GPa), iron (211.4 GPa), or zinc (78–121 GPa), which makes it further analogous to the natural bone of the body (3–20 GPa) and prevents stress shielding phenomena.{{cite journal |last1=Kong |first1=Lingyun |last2=Heydari |first2=Zahra |last3=Lami |first3=Ghadeer Hazim |last4=Saberi |first4=Abbas |last5=Baltatu |first5=Madalina Simona |last6=Vizureanu |first6=Petrica |title=A Comprehensive Review of the Current Research Status of Biodegradable Zinc Alloys and Composites for Biomedical Applications |journal=Materials |date=3 July 2023 |volume=16 |issue=13 |pages=4797 |doi=10.3390/ma16134797 |pmid=37445111 |pmc=10343804 |bibcode=2023Mate...16.4797K |doi-access=free }}{{cite journal |last1=Saberi |first1=A. |last2=Bakhsheshi-Rad |first2=H.R. |last3=Karamian |first3=E. |last4=Kasiri-Asgarani |first4=M. |last5=Ghomi |first5=H. |title=Magnesium-graphene nano-platelet composites: Corrosion behavior, mechanical and biological properties |journal=Journal of Alloys and Compounds |date=April 2020 |volume=821 |pages=153379 |doi=10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.153379 |s2cid=214172320 }} Porous implantation is one typical alleviation method.{{cite journal|last1=Dhandapani|first1=Ramya|last2=Krishnan|first2=Priya Dharshini|last3=Zennifer|first3=Allen|last4=Kannan|first4=Vishal|last5=Manigandan|first5=Amrutha|last6=Arul|first6=Michael R.|last7=Jaiswal|first7=Devina|last8=Subramanian|first8=Anuradha|last9=Kumbar|first9=Sangamesh Gurappa|last10=Sethuraman|first10=Swaminathan|title=Additive manufacturing of biodegradable porous orthopaedic screw|journal=Bioactive Materials|date=March 2020|volume=5|issue=3|pages=458–467|doi=10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.03.009|pmid=32280835|pmc=7139166|url=}}{{cite patent|country=US|number=5702449|status=patent|title=Reinforced porous spinal implants|pubdate=1997-12-30|gdate=1997-12-30|fdate=1995-06-07|pridate=1997-06-11|inventor=William F. McKay|assign1=Danek Medical, Inc., Memphis, Tenn.|assign2=SDGI Holdings Inc.}}