substitute natural gas
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Substitute natural gas (SNG), or synthetic natural gas, is a fuel gas (predominantly methane, CH4) that can be produced from fossil fuels such as lignite coal, oil shale, or from biofuels (when it is named bio-SNG) or using electricity with power-to-gas systems.
SNG in the form of LNG or CNG can be used in road, rail, air and marine transport vehicles as a substitute for costly diesel, petrol, etc. The carbon footprint of SNG derived from coal is comparable to petroleum products. Bio-SNG has a much smaller carbon footprint when compared to petroleum products. LPG can also be produced by synthesising SNG with partial reverse hydrogenation at high pressure and low temperature. LPG is more easily transportable than SNG, more suitable as fuel in two-wheeler or smaller HP vehicles/engines, and also fetches higher price in international market due to short supply.
Renewable electrical energy can also be used to create SNG (methane) via for example electrolysis of water or via a PEM fuel cell in reverse to create hydrogen which is then reacted with {{CO2}} from for example, CSS/U Utilisation in the Sabatier reaction.
:{{CO2}} + 4H2 → CH4 + 2H2O
Distribution
It is advantageous to distribute SNG and bio-SNG together with natural gas in a gas grid. In this way, the production of renewable gas can be phased in at the same rate as the production capacity is increased. The gas market and infrastructure the natural gas has contributed with is a condition for large scale introduction of renewable biomethane produced through anaerobic digestion (biogas) or gasification and methanation bio-SNG.
Projects
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The Great Plains Synfuels Plant injects approximately 4.1 million m3/day of SNG from lignite coal into the United States national gas grid.{{cite web |url= http://www.dakotagas.com/Gasification/index.html |title= Gasification |author= Dakota Gasification Company |access-date=2012-06-20}} The production process of SNG at the Great Plains plant involves gasification, gas cleaning, shift, and methanation. China is constructing nearly 30 nos massive SNG production plants from coal / lignite with aggregate annual capacity of 120 billion standard cubic meters of SNG.{{cite web |url= http://people.duke.edu/~cy42/SNG.pdf |title= China's synthetic natural gas revolution |access-date= 2014-08-06 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140730044114/http://people.duke.edu/~cy42/SNG.pdf |archive-date= 2014-07-30 }} SNG can be produced from low rank coal/lignite using hydrogen.{{Cite journal |last=Sasidhar |first=Nallapaneni |date=May 2025 |title=In-situ and Ex-situ Conversion of Coal to Methane using Hydrogen |url=https://www.ijeer.latticescipub.com/wp-content/uploads/papers/v4i3/C104404030525.pdf |access-date=2025-05-28 |journal=Indian Journal of Energy and Energy Resources |issn=2583-1186|volume=4 |issue=3|pages=1–5 |doi=10.54105/ijeer.C1044.04030525 |s2cid=258753397}} When hydrogen is used in place of oxygen/air, the gasification process is called hydrogasification.{{cite web |url= http://www.hceco.com/HCEI105001.pdf |title= Conversion of Coal to Substitute Natural Gas (SNG) |access-date=2014-08-06}}
See also
References
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External links
- [http://www.sgc.se/rapporter/display.asp?ID=1182 SGC Rapport 187 Substitute natural gas from biomass gasification]
- [http://www.sgc.se/Rapporter/Resources/seminar_screen.pdf SGC-rapport on gasification and methanation]
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