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suliformes

{{Short description|Order of birds}}

{{Automatic taxobox

| taxon = Suliformes

| fossil_range = Eocene - present {{fossilrange|50|earliest=90|0}}

| image = Northern Gannet 2006 2.jpg

| image_caption = Northern gannet (Morus bassanus)

| authority = Sharpe, 1891

| subdivision_ranks = Families

| subdivision = * Sulidae

| type_species = Sula leucogaster

| type_species_authority = Boddaert, 1783

}}

The order Suliformes ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|sj|uː|l|ᵻ|f|ɔr|m|iː|z}}, dubbed "Phalacrocoraciformes" by Christidis & Boles 2008) is an order of birds recognised by the International Ornithologist's Union.{{cite web |url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/n-ibises.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-03-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301235841/http://www.worldbirdnames.org/n-ibises.html |archive-date=2012-03-01 }} Regarding the recent evidence that the traditional Pelecaniformes is polyphyletic,{{Cite journal |last1=Mayr |first1=Gerald |year=2003 |title=The phylogenetic affinities of the Shoebill (Balaeniceps rex) |journal=Journal für Ornithologie |volume=144 |issue=2 |pages=157–175 |doi=10.1007/BF02465644 |bibcode=2003JOrni.144..157M |s2cid=36046887 }} it has been suggested that the group be divided to reflect the true evolutionary relationships; a 2017 study indicated that they are most closely related to Otidiformes (bustards) and Ciconiiformes (storks).

Systematics and evolution

Of the families in Pelecaniformes, only Pelecanidae, Balaenicipitidae, and Scopidae remain. The tropicbird family Phaethontidae has since been moved to their order Phaethontiformes. Genetic analysis seems to show that the Pelecaniformes are actually closely related to the Ardeidae and Threskiornithidae. As for the Suliformes, they are distantly related to the current Pelecaniformes.{{cite journal | doi=10.1126/science.1253451 | title=Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds | journal=Science | date=12 December 2014 | volume=346 | issue=6215 | pages=1320–1331 | last1=Jarvis | first1=Erich D. | last2=Mirarab | first2=Siavash | last3=Aberer | first3=Andre J. | last4=Li | first4=Bo | last5=Houde | first5=Peter | last6=Li | first6=Cai | last7=Ho | first7=Simon Y. W. | last8=Faircloth | first8=Brant C. | last9=Nabholz | first9=Benoit | last10=Howard | first10=Jason T. | last11=Suh | first11=Alexander | last12=Weber | first12=Claudia C. | last13=Da Fonseca | first13=Rute R. | last14=Li | first14=Jianwen | last15=Zhang | first15=Fang | last16=Li | first16=Hui | last17=Zhou | first17=Long | last18=Narula | first18=Nitish | last19=Liu | first19=Liang | last20=Ganapathy | first20=Ganesh | last21=Boussau | first21=Bastien | last22=Bayzid | first22=Md. Shamsuzzoha | last23=Zavidovych | first23=Volodymyr | last24=Subramanian | first24=Sankar | last25=Gabaldón | first25=Toni | last26=Capella-Gutiérrez | first26=Salvador | last27=Huerta-Cepas | first27=Jaime | last28=Rekepalli | first28=Bhanu | last29=Munch | first29=Kasper | last30=Schierup | first30=Mikkel | pmid=25504713 | pmc=4405904 | bibcode=2014Sci...346.1320J | hdl=10072/67425 | display-authors=1 }} According to Hackett et al. (2008), loons, penguins, storks, and as well as Suliformes and Pelecaniformes, all seem to have evolved from a common ancestor. The proposed waterbird superorder has been suggested.{{cite journal | url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1157704 | doi=10.1126/science.1157704 | title=A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History | journal=Science | date=27 June 2008 | volume=320 | issue=5884 | pages=1763–1768 | last1=Hackett | first1=Shannon J. | last2=Kimball | first2=Rebecca T. | last3=Reddy | first3=Sushma | last4=Bowie | first4=Rauri C. K. | last5=Braun | first5=Edward L. | last6=Braun | first6=Michael J. | last7=Chojnowski | first7=Jena L. | last8=Cox | first8=W. Andrew | last9=Han | first9=Kin-Lan | last10=Harshman | first10=John | last11=Huddleston | first11=Christopher J. | last12=Marks | first12=Ben D. | last13=Miglia | first13=Kathleen J. | last14=Moore | first14=William S. | last15=Sheldon | first15=Frederick H. | last16=Steadman | first16=David W. | last17=Witt | first17=Christopher C. | last18=Yuri | first18=Tamaki | pmid=18583609 | bibcode=2008Sci...320.1763H | s2cid=6472805 | url-access=subscription }}

In their landmark 2008 work Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds, Australian ornithologists Les Christidis and Walter E. Boles coined the name Phalacrocoraciformes for the group due to the much greater number of species of cormorants (Phalacrocoracidae) over boobies and gannets (Sulidae).{{cite book |title=Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds|author1=Christidis, Les |author2=Boles, Walter E. |year=2008 |publisher=CSIRO Publishing |location=Canberra |isbn=978-0-643-06511-6 |page=50|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SFP9P1i-PoEC&pg=PA100}} However, this has not been taken up elsewhere.

In 1994, American ornithologist Walter J. Bock wrote that the name Suloidea had been used consistently as a term for a superfamily containing the two families, so therefore "Sulidae" and not "Phalacrocoracidae" should take priority in any arrangement containing the two genera.{{cite journal|author=Bock, Walter J. |year=1994|title= History and nomenclature of avian family-group names |journal= Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History|volume= 222|pages= 1–281 [166–67]|quote=If Sula and Phalacrocorax are included in the same family-level taxon (e.g. superfamily), then Sulidae Reichenbach, 1849 (1836) (Sula Brisson, 1760) has priority in preference to Phalacrocoracidae Reichenbach, 1849-50 (1836) (Phalacrocorax Brisson, 1760), because the name Suloidea has been consistently used in avian classification as a superfamily name. Phalacrocoracidae Reichenbach, 1849-50 (1836) can still be used for any taxon containing Phalacrocorax but not Sula.}}

In 2010, the AOU adopted the term Suliformes for the taxon.{{cite journal|author=R. Terry Chesser, Richard C. Banks, F. Keith Barker, Carla Cicero, Jon L. Dunn, Andrew W. Kratter, Irby J. Lovette, Pamela C. Rasmussen, J. V. Remsen Jr., James D. Rising, Douglas F. Stotz and Kevin Winker | title=Fifty-First Supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-List of North American Birds |journal=The Auk |volume=127|issue= 3|date=July 2010|pages= 726–44|url=http://www.aou.org/checklist/suppl/AOU_checklist_suppl_51.pdf |doi=10.1525/auk.2010.127.4.966| s2cid=198156876 }} The IOC followed in 2011.{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/updates/archives/taxonomy-version-2/|title=Taxonomy Version 2|work= IOC World Bird List: Version 3.1 |year=2011|access-date=15 July 2012}}

In 1994, Martyn Kennedy and colleagues constructed a behavioural data set, with the resulting tree showing a high level of congruence with existing phylogenies based on genetics or morphology. It showed the darters as sister group to the cormorants and shags, with the gannets and boobies, then pelicans, then frigatebirds and lastly tropicbirds as progressively earlier offshoots.{{cite journal|title=Hop, step and gape: do the social displays of the Pelecaniformes reflect phylogeny?|author1=Kennedy, Martyn |author2=Spencer, Hamish G. |author3=Gray, Russell D. | journal=Animal Behaviour |year=1996|volume= 51|issue=2 |pages=273–291|doi=10.1006/anbe.1996.0028|s2cid=53202305 }}

{{clade|style=font-size:100%;line-height:80%

|label1=Suliformes

|1={{Clade

|1=Fregatidae

|label2=

|2={{Clade

|1=Sulidae

|label2=

|2={{Clade

|1=Anhingidae

|2=Phalacrocoracidae

}}

}}

}}

}}

Cladogram based on Gibb, G.C. et al. (2013){{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2013.03.021|title=Beyond phylogeny: Pelecaniform and ciconiiform birds, and long-term niche stability|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=68|issue=2|pages=229–238|year=2013|last1=Gibb|first1=Gillian C.|last2=Kennedy|first2=Martyn|last3=Penny|first3=David|pmid=23562800|bibcode=2013MolPE..68..229G }}

Species

File:Fregata_foot_bones.jpg edge to mid claw,{{cite journal|last=Shufeldt|first=Robert Wilson|author-link=Robert Wilson Shufeldt|year=1903|title=The osteology of the Steganopodes|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/32986#/summary|journal=Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum|volume=1|issue=3|pages=109–223|doi=10.5962/p.234820|s2cid=247004114|doi-access=free}} a characteristic of the Suliformes.{{cite journal|title=Avian higher-level phylogeny: well-supported clades and what we can learn from a phylogenetic analysis of 2954 morphological characters|author=Mayr, Gerald| journal=J. Zool. Syst. Evol. Res.|year=2008| volume=46|issue=1|pages=63–72|doi=10.1111/j.1439-0469.2007.00433.x| url=http://www.bio-nica.info/biblioteca/Mayr2007Aves.pdf}}]]

Image:Little Cormorant (Phalacrocorax niger) in Hyderabad W IMG 8389.jpg Microcarbo niger]]

References

{{Reflist}}

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{{Suliformes}}

{{Birds}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q21728}}

Category:Seabirds

Category:Bird orders

Category:Taxa named by Richard Bowdler Sharpe