super-Jupiter

{{short description|Class of planets with more mass than Jupiter}}

{{About|the type of astronomical object|the synthesizer|Roland MKS-80}}

File:Artist's View of a Super-Jupiter around a Brown Dwarf (2M1207).tif]]

A super-Jupiter is a gas giant exoplanet that is more massive than the planet Jupiter. For example, companions at the planet–brown dwarf borderline have been called super-Jupiters, such as around the star Kappa Andromedae.{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/topics/universe/features/super-jupiter.html |title=Astronomers Directly Image Massive Star's 'Super-Jupiter' |date=19 November 2012 |publisher=NASA |access-date=26 June 2013}}

By 2011 there were 180 known super-Jupiters, some hot, some cold.{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HaM6CpDYE3oC&pg=PA168|pages=167–168 |title=Exoplanets: Finding, Exploring, and Understanding Alien Worlds |isbn=978-1-4614-0644-0|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|last1=Kitchin |first1=Chris |year=2012}} Even though they are more massive than Jupiter, they remain about the same size as Jupiter up to 80 Jupiter masses. This means that their surface gravity and density go up proportionally to their mass. The increased mass compresses the planet due to gravity, thus keeping it from being larger. In comparison, planets somewhat lighter than Jupiter can be larger, so-called "puffy planets" (gas giants with a large diameter but low density).{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/15/science/space/15planet.html |date=2010-11-11 |title=Puzzling Puffy Planet, Less Dense Than Cork, Is Discovered | work=The New York Times |first=Kenneth |last=Chang}} An example of this may be the exoplanet HAT-P-1b with about half the mass of Jupiter but about 1.38 times larger diameter.

CoRoT-3b, with a mass around 22 Jupiter masses,{{cite journal|author=Deleuil, M.|year=2008|title=Transiting exoplanets from the CoRoT space mission. VI. CoRoT-Exo-3b: the first secure inhabitant of the brown-dwarf desert|journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics|volume=491|issue=3|pages=889–897|doi=10.1051/0004-6361:200810625|bibcode=2008A&A...491..889D|last2=Deeg|first2=H. J.|last3=Alonso|first3=R.|last4=Bouchy|first4=F.|last5=Rouan|first5=D.|last6=Auvergne|first6=M.|last7=Baglin|first7=A.|last8=Aigrain|first8=S.|author-link8=Suzanne Aigrain|last9=Almenara|first9=J. M.|arxiv = 0810.0919 |display-authors=9|last10=Barbieri|first10=M.|last11=Barge|first11=P.|last12=Bruntt|first12=H.|last13=Bordé|first13=P.|last14=Collier Cameron|first14=A.|last15=Csizmadia|first15=Sz.|last16=de la Reza|first16=R.|last17=Dvorak|first17=R.|last18=Erikson|first18=A.|last19=Fridlund|first19=M.|last20=Gandolfi|first20=D.|last21=Gillon|first21=M.|last22=Guenther|first22=E.|last23=Guillot|first23=T.|last24=Hatzes|first24=A.|last25=Hébrard|first25=G.|last26=Jorda|first26=L.|last27=Lammer|first27=H.|last28=Léger|first28=A.|last29=Llebaria|first29=A.|last30=Loeillet|first30=B.|s2cid=8944836 }} is predicted to have an average density of 26.4 g/cm³, greater than osmium (22.6 g/cm³), the densest natural element under standard conditions. Extreme compression of matter inside it causes the high density, because it is likely composed mainly of hydrogen.{{cite journal|year=2003|title=Evolutionary models for cool brown dwarfs and extrasolar giant planets. The case of HD 209458|journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics|volume=402|pages=701–712|doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20030252|bibcode=2003A&A...402..701B|arxiv = astro-ph/0302293|issue=2|last2=Chabrier|first2=G.|last3=Barman|first3=T. S.|last4=Allard|first4=F.|last5=Hauschildt|first5=P. H.|last1=Baraffe|first1=I. |s2cid=15838318 }} The surface gravity is also high, over 50 times that of Earth.

In 2012, the super-Jupiter Kappa Andromedae b was imaged around the star Kappa Andromedae, orbiting it about 1.8 times the distance at which Neptune orbits the Sun.{{cite web |url=http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/image/112 |title=Image of the 'super-Jupiter' Kappa Andromedae b |date=19 November 2012 |publisher=NASA/JPL |access-date=26 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612075949/http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/image/112 |archive-date=12 June 2013 }}