tambourin
{{About|the musical form and the old French drum, both called the tambourin|the percussion instrument with a similar name in English|Tambourine|the court game|Tamburello}}
File:Tambourin MET MUS591A.jpg
File:Tambourinaires_d'Aix_dont_un_tambourin_en_cuivre.jpg]]
The tambourin ({{langx|oc|tamborin}}) is a low-pitched tenor drum of the French region of Provence, which has also lent its name to a Provençal dance accompanied by lively duple meter music.{{cite encyclopedia|last=Ewen|first=David|article=Tambourin|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Concerto Music|publisher=Hill and Wang|year=1959|location=New York|page=505}} The dance is so named because the music imitates the drum (tambour being a generic French term for "drum"), usually as a repetitive not-very-melodic figure in the bass.
Description
A deep, two-headed drum of Arabic origin, called the tambourin [de Provence], is mentioned as early as the 1080s and noted as the "tabor" in the Chanson de Roland. This type of instrument, commonly found in the Provence region of France, is played by a musician who wears the drum on a strap hanging from the player's left arm and elbow. The player strikes the drum head with a beater held in the right hand, and plays a little pipe with their left hand.{{Cite web|title=Tambourin - French|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/501588|access-date=2021-11-30|website=www.metmuseum.org}} The combination of the tambourin, played together with a small flute, known as the galoubet or flaviol, forms a Provençal pipe and tabor.
Dance
Jean-Philippe Rameau included tambourins in many of his operas, such as Platée, Les Indes galantes, and Les fêtes d'Hébé. The last gained more fame in a keyboard arrangement from the E minor suite of his Pièces de Clavecin. The tambourin was popular throughout the 18th century and can be found in Handel's Alcina and Gluck's Iphigénie en Aulide, among others.
Instrumental Music
Jean-Marie Leclair used a tambourin as the last movement of his [https://vmirror.imslp.org/files/imglnks/usimg/c/cf/IMSLP112635-PMLP28635-Leclair_Sonata_3_ThULB.pdf Sonata for Violin, Op. 9, No. 3]. This sonata is often mistakenly referred to as "Le Tombeau," which is actually his violin sonata in C minor, Op. 5, No. 6.
Gallery
File:2023 Fête des Gardians007.jpg|Modern tambourin players in 2023
File:Cylindrical drum (tambourin), Provence region, France, early 1800s, walnut, maple, calfskin - Casadesus Collection of Historic Musical Instruments - Boston Symphony Orchestra - 20180113 192027.jpg|Early 1800s tambourin in color