tangerine

The word "tangerine" was originally an adjective meaning "of Tangier", a Moroccan seaport on the Strait of Gibraltar. The name was first used for fruit shipped from Tangier, described as a mandarin variety.{{cite web |url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/197485 |title=Tangerine |work=Oxford English Dictionary}} The OED cites this usage from Addison's The Tatler in 1710 with similar uses from the 1800s. The fruit was once known scientifically as "Citrus nobilis var. tangeriana"; it grew in the region of Tangiers. This usage appeared in the 1800s.See the Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition, 1989.

File:Hybrid origins of Citrus.svg |year=2018 |volume=554 |issue=7692 |pages=311–316 |doi=10.1038/nature25447 |pmid=29414943 |bibcode=2018Natur.554..311W |doi-access=free |hdl=20.500.11939/5741 |hdl-access=free}} and Supplement The tangerine is either a variety of mandarin, or a hybrid of mandarin and pomelo.]]

Under the Tanaka classification system, Citrus tangerina is considered a separate species. Under the Swingle system, tangerines are considered a group of mandarin (C. reticulata) varieties.{{cite journal | doi = 10.1007/s11295-010-0314-x | volume=7 | title=New universal mitochondrial PCR markers reveal new information on maternal citrus phylogeny | journal= Tree Genetics & Genomes| pages=49–61| year=2011 | last1=Froelicher | first1=Yann | last2=Mouhaya | first2=Wafa | last3=Bassene | first3=Jean-Baptiste | last4=Costantino | first4=Gilles | last5=Kamiri | first5=Mourad | last6=Luro | first6=Francois | last7=Morillon | first7=Raphael | last8=Ollitrault | first8=Patrick | s2cid=32371305 | url=http://agritrop.cirad.fr/558353/ | url-access=subscription }} Some differ only in disease resistance.{{cite journal |title=The Origin of Cultivated Citrus as Inferred from Internal Transcribed Spacer and Chloroplast DNA Sequence and Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Fingerprints|last1=Li | first1=Xiaomeng | last2=Xie | first2=Rangjin | last3=Lu | first3=Zhenhua | last4=Zhou | first4=Zhiqin | journal=Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science | volume=135 |issue=4| pages=341–350| year=2010 |doi=10.21273/JASHS.135.4.341| doi-access=free }} The term is also currently applied to any reddish-orange mandarin (and, in some jurisdictions, mandarin-like hybrids, including some tangors).{{cite web|url=http://florida.eregulations.us/fac/20-13.0061/|title=20-13.0061. Sunburst Tangerines; Classification and Standards, 20-13. Market Classification, Maturity Standards And Processing Or Packing Restrictions For Hybrids, D20. Departmental, 20. Department of Citrus, Florida Administrative Code|last=Commernet|year=2011|work=State of Florida|access-date=14 May 2015 }}{{cite web|url=http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ch073|title=HS178/CH073: Robinson Tangerine|first1=Larry K. |last1=Jackson |first2=Stephen H. |last2=Futch |access-date=14 May 2015}}

Tangerines are smaller and less rounded than oranges. They taste less sour, as well as sweeter and stronger, than oranges do.{{cite web|url=http://www.pittmandavis.com/articles/citrus/tangerines/why-are-tangerines-so-tangy.html |title=Premium Citrus Fruit Gifts – Why Are Tangerines So Tangy? |publisher=Pittman & Davis |date=1999-02-22 |access-date=2012-11-17}} A ripe tangerine is firm to slightly soft, and pebbly-skinned with no deep grooves, as well as orange in color. The peel is thin, with little bitter white mesocarp.{{cite news|title=Market Watch: The wild and elusive Dancy|first=David |last=Karp|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|url=http://www.latimes.com/food/la-fo-marketwatch-20110128-story.html|date=2011-01-28|access-date=2015-07-19}} All of these traits are shared by mandarins generally.

The peak tangerine season lasts from autumn to spring. Tangerines are most commonly peeled and eaten by hand. The fresh fruit is also used in salads, desserts and main dishes. The peel is used fresh or dried as a spice or zest for baking and drinks. Fresh tangerine juice and frozen juice concentrate are commonly available in the United States.

In 2021, world production of tangerines (including mandarins and clementines) was {{convert|42|e6t|e6ST|abbr=off}}, led by China with 60% of the total (table).

{{See also|Mandarin orange varieties|label 1=Mandarin orange varieties}}

Tangerines were first grown and cultivated as a distinct crop in the Americas by a Major Atway in Palatka, Florida.{{cite book |last=Hume |first=H. Harold |title=Citrus Fruits and Their Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mEMLAQAAIAAJ |year=1913 |publisher=O. Judd Company |page=101 |oclc=1125917831}} Atway was said to have imported them from Morocco (more specifically its third-largest city, the port of Tangier), which was the origin of the name. Major Atway sold his groves to N. H. Moragne in 1843, giving the Moragne tangerine the other part of its name.{{cite web |url=http://www.citrusvariety.ucr.edu/citrus/dancy.html |title=dancy |website=citrusvariety.ucr.edu |access-date=2 May 2018 |archive-date=2 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702002829/http://www.citrusvariety.ucr.edu/citrus/dancy.html |url-status=dead}}

The Moragne tangerine produced a seedling which became one of the oldest and most popular American varieties, the Dancy tangerine (zipper-skin tangerine, kid-glove orange). Genetic analysis has shown the parents of the Dancy to have been two mandarin orange hybrids each with a small pomelo contribution, a Ponkan mandarin orange and a second unidentified mandarin.{{cite journal |title=Genomics of the origin and evolution of Citrus |last1=Wu |first1=Guohong Albert |last2=Terol |first2=Javier |last3=Ibanez |first3=Victoria |last4=López-García |first4=Antonio |last5=Pérez-Román |first5=Estela |last6=Borredá |first6=Carles |last7=Domingo |first7=Concha |last8=Tadeo |first8=Francisco R. |last9=Carbonell-Caballero |first9=Jose |last10=Alonso |first10=Roberto |last11=Curk |first11=Franck |last12=Du |first12=Dongliang |last13=Ollitrault |first13=Patrick |last14=Roose |first14=Mikeal L. Roose |last15=Dopazo |first15=Joaquin |last16=Gmitter Jr |first16=Frederick G. |last17=Rokhsar |first17=Daniel |last18=Talon |first18=Manuel |display-authors=5 |journal=Nature |year=2018 |volume=554 |issue=7692 |pages=311–316 |doi=10.1038/nature25447 |pmid=29414943 |bibcode=2018Natur.554..311W |s2cid=205263645 |url=http://agritrop.cirad.fr/587115/1/nature25447.pdf | doi-access=free }} and Supplement The Dancy is no longer widely commercially grown; it is too delicate to handle and ship well, it is susceptible to Alternaria fungus, and it bears more heavily in alternate years.{{cite web|url=http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/CH074|title=HS169/CH074: Dancy Tangerine |first1=Larry K. |last1=Jackson |first2=Stephen H. |last2=Futch |name-list-style=amp |work=ufl.edu|date=6 June 2018}}{{cite web|url=http://blog.al.com/living-press-register/2009/10/satsuma_cultivars_the_best_and.html |title=Satsuma cultivars: The best and the worst |publisher=AL.com |access-date=14 May 2015 |date=30 October 2009}} Dancys are still grown for personal consumption, and many hybrids of the Dancy are grown commercially.

Until the 1970s, the Dancy was the most widely grown tangerine in the United States;{{cite web |url=http://www.slowfoodusa.org/ark-item/dancy-tangerine |title=Dancy Tangerine |publisher=Slowfood USA |access-date=2 May 2018 |archive-date=12 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712213717/http://www.slowfoodusa.org/ark-item/dancy-tangerine |url-status=dead}} the popularity of the fruit led to the term "tangerine" being broadly applied as a marketing name. Florida classifies tangerine-like hybrid fruits as tangerines for the purposes of sale and regulation; this classification is widely used but regarded as technically inaccurate in the industry. Among the most important tangerine hybrids of Florida are murcotts (a late-fruiting type of tangor marketed as "honey tangerine"{{cite web |url=http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ch078 |title=HS174/CH078: Murcott (Honey Tangerine) |publisher=Edis.ifas.ufl.edu |access-date=2012-11-17}}) and Sunbursts (an early-fruiting complex tangerine-orange-grapefruit hybrid).{{cite web |url=http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ch079 |title=HS168/CH079: Sunburst Tangerine |publisher=Edis.ifas.ufl.edu |access-date=2012-11-17}} The fallglo, also a three-way hybrid ({{Frac|5|8}} tangerine, {{Frac|1|4}} orange and {{Frac|1|8}} grapefruit), is also grown.{{cite web |url=http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ch075 |title=HS173/CH075: Fallglo Tangerine |first1=Larry K. |last1=Jackson |first2=Stephen H. |last2=Futch |access-date=14 May 2015}}

{{nutritional value

| name=Tangerines, raw

| image=Tangerine 2009-03-11.jpg

| caption=A murcott, likely a tangerine hybrid

| kJ=223

| water=85.2 g

| protein=0.81 g

| fat=0.31 g

| carbs=13.34 g

| fiber=1.8 g

| sugars=10.58 g

| calcium_mg=37

| iron_mg=0.15

| magnesium_mg=12

| phosphorus_mg=20

| potassium_mg=166

| sodium_mg=2

| zinc_mg=0.07

| manganese_mg=0.039

| vitC_mg=26.7

| thiamin_mg=0.058

| riboflavin_mg=0.036

| niacin_mg=0.376

| pantothenic_mg=0.216

| vitB6_mg=0.078

| folate_ug=16

| choline_mg=10.2

| vitA_ug=34

| betacarotene_ug=155

| vitE_mg=0.2

| source_usda = 1

| note=[https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/169105/nutrients Link to USDA Database entry]

}}

Tangerines contain 85% water, 13% carbohydrates, and negligible amounts of fat and protein (table). Among micronutrients, only vitamin C is in significant content (30% of the Daily Value) in a {{convert|100|g|adj=on}} reference serving, with all other micronutrients in low amounts.

File:Pomological Watercolor POM00006444.jpg|A botanical illustration of a Manurco tangerine, painted by Royal Charles Steadman in January, 1926

File:Narangi tree in Mohali.jpg|Tangerine tree

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{{Reflist}}

• {{Wikispecies-inline|Citrus tangerina}}
• {{cookbook-inline}}
• {{Commons category-inline|Tangerines}}

{{Citrus}}

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Category:Citrus

Category:Citrus hybrids

Category:Crops

et:Tangeriin