targeted surveillance

The current approach of the NSA and its related organizations is attempting to collect all signals of everybody at all times without any prior selection.{{cite news|title=The crux of the NSA story in one phrase: 'collect it all'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/jul/15/crux-nsa-collect-it-all|newspaper=The Guardian|accessdate=4 January 2017|date=15 July 2013}}{{cite web|last1=Maass|first1=Peter|title=Inside NSA, Officials Privately Criticize "Collect It All" Surveillance|url=https://theintercept.com/2015/05/28/nsa-officials-privately-criticize-collect-it-all-surveillance/|website=The Intercept|date=28 May 2015|accessdate=4 January 2017}}{{cite news|last1=Cole|first1=David|title='No Place to Hide' by Glenn Greenwald, on the NSA's sweeping efforts to 'Know it All'|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/no-place-to-hide-by-glenn-greenwald-on-the-nsas-sweeping-efforts-to-know-it-all/2014/05/12/dfa45dee-d628-11e3-8a78-8fe50322a72c_story.html|newspaper=The Washington Post|accessdate=4 January 2017|date=12 May 2014}} So any current selection is only used for targets of special interest, human review or special resource allocation.

Such selectors include searching the web for the privacy-enhancing software tools such as Tor.{{cite magazine|last1=Zetter|first1=Kim|title=The NSA Is Targeting Users of Privacy Services, Leaked Code Shows|url=https://www.wired.com/2014/07/nsa-targets-users-of-privacy-services/|magazine=WIRED|date=3 July 2014|accessdate=4 January 2017}}{{cite web|title=NSA targets the privacy-conscious|url=https://daserste.ndr.de/panorama/aktuell/nsa230_page-1.html|publisher=Das Erste|accessdate=4 January 2017}}

A leaked document revealed that for the XKeyscore program, using languages that are out of place for the region one is in, using encryption, and searching the web for 'suspicious stuff', were suggested as selectors.{{cite web|last1=Leyden|first1=John|title=New NSA tool exposed: XKeyscore sees 'nearly EVERYTHING you do online'|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/07/31/prism_put_in_the_shade_by_leak_about_even_more_powerful_snoop_tool/|website=The Register|accessdate=8 January 2017}}{{cite magazine|last1=Gallagher|first1=Ryan|title=NSA Targets Internet Users Who Search for "Suspicious Stuff," Newly Revealed Documents Show|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2013/07/31/xkeyscore_nsa_targets_internet_users_who_search_for_suspicious_stuff.html|magazine=Slate|accessdate=8 January 2017|date=31 July 2013}}{{cite news|title=XKeyscore presentation from 2008 – read in full|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/interactive/2013/jul/31/nsa-xkeyscore-program-full-presentation|newspaper=The Guardian|accessdate=8 January 2017|date=31 July 2013}}

In Operation Eikonal, German BND agents received "Selector Lists" − search terms for their dragnet surveillance. They contain IP addresses, mobile phone numbers and email accounts with the BND surveillance system containing hundreds of thousands and possibly more than a million such targets.{{cite news|title=Spying Close to Home: German Intelligence Under Fire for NSA Cooperation - SPIEGEL ONLINE - International|newspaper=Der Spiegel |date=24 April 2015 |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/german-intelligence-agency-bnd-under-fire-for-nsa-cooperation-a-1030593.html|publisher=SPIEGEL ONLINE|accessdate=4 January 2017}} These lists have been subject of controversy since in 2008 when it was revealed that they contained some terms targeting the European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company (EADS), the Eurocopter project{{cite news|url=http://www.tagesspiegel.de/politik/bnd-und-nsa-die-chronologie-des-spionageskandals/11722810.html|title=BND und NSA: Die Chronologie des Spionageskandals – Politik – Tagesspiegel|work=tagesspiegel.de|date=4 May 2015 |language=German|last1=Dehmer |first1=Dagmar |last2=Haselberger |first2=Stephan }} as well as French administration,{{cite web|url=http://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/die-neue-bnd-affaere-ein-foul-mit-folgen-1.2448810|title=Wie die NSA europäische Unternehmen ausspionierte|work=Süddeutsche.de|date=24 April 2015 |language=German}} which were first noticed by BND employees in 2005. Other selectors were found to target the administration of Austria.{{cite news|url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/inland/nsa-spitzelei-bnd-soll-12-000-suchbegriffe-geloescht-haben-13569002.html|title=NSA-Spitzelei: BND soll 12.000 Suchbegriffe gelöscht haben|newspaper=Faz.net |publisher=Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung GmbH|date=1 May 2015|language=German}} After the revelations made by whistle-blower Edward Snowden the BND decided to investigate the issue whose October 2013 conclusion was that at least 2,000 of these selectors were aimed at Western European or even German interests which has been a violation of the Memorandum of Agreement that the US and Germany signed in 2002 in the wake of the 9/11 terror attacks. After reports emerged in 2014 that EADS and Eurocopter had been surveillance targets the Left Party and the Greens filed an official request to obtain evidence of the violations.{{cite web|title=Bundesverfassungsgericht - BVerfG, Beschluss des Zweiten Senats vom 13. n|url=https://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/SharedDocs/Entscheidungen/DE/2016/10/es20161013_2bve000215.html|website=bundesverfassungsgericht.de|accessdate=4 January 2017|language=de|date=13 October 2016}}

The BND's project group charged with supporting the NSA investigative committee in German parliament was set up in spring 2014. It reviewed the selectors and discovered 40,000 suspicious search parameters, including espionage targets in Western European governments and numerous companies. The group also confirmed suspicions that the NSA had systematically violated German interests and concluded that the Americans could have perpetrated economic espionage directly under the Germans' noses.{{cite news|last1=Denkler|first1=Thorsten|title=Geheimdienst-Affäre: NSA jubelte BND deutsche Spähziele unter|url=http://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/geheimdienst-affaere-nsa-jubelte-bnd-deutsche-spaehziele-unter-1.2715253|newspaper=Süddeutsche Zeitung|accessdate=4 January 2017|language=de}} The investigative parliamentary committee was not granted access to the NSA's selectors list as an appeal led by opposition politicians failed at Germany's top court. Instead, the ruling coalition appointed an administrative judge, Kurt Graulich, as a "person of trust" who was granted access to the list and briefed the investigative commission on its contents after analyzing the 40,000 parameters.{{cite web|title=German Constitutional Court rules out access to NSA's 'selectors' list|url=http://www.dw.com/en/german-constitutional-court-rules-out-access-to-nsas-selectors-list/a-36396385|publisher=Deutsche Welle|accessdate=4 January 2017}}{{cite news|title=Designierter NSA-Sonderermittler: Ein Mann, 40.000 brisante Daten|newspaper=Der Spiegel |date=July 2015 |url=http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/nsa-sonderermittler-kurt-graulich-ein-mann-40-000-datensaetze-a-1040661.html|publisher=SPIEGEL ONLINE|accessdate=4 January 2017|last1=Meiritz |first1=Annett }} In his almost 300-paged report,{{cite web|title=Der Graulich-Abschlussbericht|url=https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/graulich-abschlussbericht-101.pdf|accessdate=4 January 2017}} Graulich concluded that European government agencies were targeted massively and that Americans hence broke contractual agreements. He also found that German targets which received special protection from surveillance of domestic intelligence agencies by Germany's Basic Law (Grundgesetz) − including numerous enterprises based in Germany − were featured in the NSA's wishlist in a surprising plenitude.{{cite news|title=Geheimdienstaffäre: Sonderermittler spricht von klarem Vertragsbruch der NSA|newspaper=Der Spiegel |date=30 October 2015 |url=http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/nsa-selektorenliste-kurt-graulich-spricht-von-klarem-vertragsbruch-a-1060280.html|publisher=SPIEGEL ONLINE|accessdate=4 January 2017|last1=Baumgärtner |first1=Maik |last2=Knobbe |first2=Martin }} While the magnitude differs there have also been problematic BND-internal selectors which have been used until end of 2013 - around two thirds of 3300 targets were related to EU and NATO states.{{cite web|title=Geheimdienstkontrolleure: BND hat gegen Recht und Auftrag verstoßen|date=17 December 2015 |url=https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Geheimdienstkontrolleure-BND-hat-gegen-Recht-und-Auftrag-verstossen-3045627.html|publisher=Heise Online|accessdate=4 January 2017|language=de-DE}}{{cite web|title=BND hat jahrelang unter Freunden spioniert|url=http://www.dw.com/de/bnd-hat-jahrelang-unter-freunden-spioniert/a-19393446|publisher=Deutsche Welle|accessdate=4 January 2017}}{{cite news|last1=Decker|first1=Markus|title=Geheimdienst-Affäre: BND spitzelte mit eigenen Selektoren|url=http://www.fr-online.de/datenschutz/geheimdienst-affaere-bnd-spitzelte-mit-eigenen-selektoren,1472644,32163156.html|newspaper=Frankfurter Rundschau|accessdate=4 January 2017|language=de}} Klaus Landefeld, member of the board at the Internet industry association Eco International, has met intelligence officials and legislators to present suggestions for improvement, like streamlining the selector system.{{cite web|last1=Somaskanda|first1=Sumi|title=Is Big Brother coming to Germany?|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/12/big-brother-coming-germany-161213062129779.html|publisher=Al Jazeera|accessdate=4 January 2017}}

Former NSA director and whistleblower William Binney testified that while targeted data collection operations could help prevent terror attacks, "overcollection" of mass data undermined security and had consistently cost lives because of "analysis paralysis".{{cite news|last1=Travis|first1=Alan|last2=Bowcott|first2=Owen|title='Snooper's charter' will cost British lives, MPs are warned|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/06/snoopers-charter-will-cost-british-lives-mps-warned|newspaper=The Guardian|accessdate=2 January 2017|date=6 January 2016}} He said the British government should "redirect" intelligence agencies and law enforcement to targeted surveillance with it being "based on probable cause and developing knowledge about the targets and make sure they qualify for things like warrants". He also states that "retroactively analysing people, anybody you want, any time you want, that's certainly possible with bulk acquisition of data but that's certainly not what democracies are built on". According to him "that's what totalitarian states are built on".{{cite magazine|last1=Burgess|first1=Matt|title=UK mass surveillance 'totalitarian' and will 'cost lives', warns ex-NSA tech boss|url=https://www.wired.co.uk/article/mass-surveillance-william-binney-nsa-uk-ip-bill|magazine=Wired UK|date=6 January 2016|accessdate=2 January 2017}}

In November 2016 whistleblower Edward Snowden stated:

{{Quote|text=What I protest most strongly is mass surveillance, indiscriminate surveillance where they are watching everyone. Targeted surveillance that's backed by a court...is the least intrusive means of achieving these investigative goals without destroying the rights of everyone else in a free society |author=Edward J. Snowden|source={{cite news |title=Snowden Prompts Americans to Focus on 'Broad Social Issues' After US Election |agency=Sputnik |date=10 November 2016}}|title=}}

Snowden also noted that the men who committed recent terrorist attacks in France, Canada and Australia were under surveillance but they weren't singled out.

{{Quote|text=It wasn't the fact that we weren't watching people or not, it was the fact that we were watching people so much that we did not understand what we had. The problem is that when you collect it all, when you monitor everyone, you understand nothing.|author=Edward J. Snowden|source={{cite news|last1=Rusbridger|first1=Alan|last2=Gibson|first2=Janine|last3=MacAskill|first3=Ewen|title=Edward Snowden: NSA reform in the US is only the beginning|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/may/22/edward-snowden-nsa-reform|newspaper=The Guardian|accessdate=5 January 2017|date=22 May 2015}}}}

In May 2015 The Intercept revealed that it obtained documents that showed that officials inside the NSA have criticized the 'collect it all'-approach as well with the documents having titles such as "Data Is Not Intelligence", "The Fallacies Behind the Scenes", "Cognitive Overflow?", "Summit Fever", "In Praise of Not Knowing", "Dealing With a 'Tsunami' of Intercept", "Overcome by Overload?" and "Too Many Choices".{{cite web|last1=Maass|first1=Peter|title=Inside NSA, Officials Privately Criticize "Collect It All" Surveillance|url=https://theintercept.com/2015/05/28/nsa-officials-privately-criticize-collect-it-all-surveillance/|website=The Intercept|date=28 May 2015|accessdate=5 January 2017}}

The document's conclusions include:

• The SIGINT mission is far too vital to unnecessarily expand the haystacks while we search for the needles. Prioritization is key.
• We in the agency are at risk of a similar, collective paralysis in the face of a dizzying array of choices every single day
• 'Analysis paralysis' isn't only a cute rhyme. It's the term for what happens when you spend so much time analyzing a situation that you ultimately stymie any outcome [...] It's what happens in SIGINT when we have access to endless possibilities, but we struggle to prioritize, narrow, and exploit the best ones.

United Kingdom's Liberal Democrats have demanded that the Government end indiscriminate mass surveillance and introduce a more targeted and effective counter-terrorism policy that uses targeted surveillance of specific individuals who are suspected of wrongdoing.{{cite web|title=Lib Dems call for targeted surveillance not Big Brother|url=http://www.libdems.org.uk/targeted-surveillance-not-big-brother|publisher=Liberal Democrats|accessdate=2 January 2017|language=en|date=17 September 2016}} Liberal Democrats home affairs spokesperson Alistair Carmichael asks that, "mass spying on the British people should be replaced with targeted surveillance of specific individuals suspected of wrongdoing".{{cite news|title=British spies illegally kept databases on UK citizens. But it's all fine now|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/uk-spying-surveillance-investigatory-powers-bill-tribunal-gchq-intelligence-agencies-a7366386.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220526/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/uk-spying-surveillance-investigatory-powers-bill-tribunal-gchq-intelligence-agencies-a7366386.html |archive-date=2022-05-26 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|newspaper=The Independent|accessdate=2 January 2017|date=17 October 2016}}

In the 2015 "Resolution 2045", the European Parliamentary Assembly "recognises the need for effective, targeted surveillance of suspected terrorists and other organised criminal groups" and states that "such targeted surveillance can be an effective tool for law enforcement and crime prevention", while at the same time "according to independent reviews carried out in the United States, mass surveillance does not appear to have contributed to the prevention of terrorist attacks, contrary to earlier assertions made by senior intelligence officials. Instead, resources that might prevent attacks are diverted to mass surveillance, leaving potentially dangerous persons free to act".{{cite web|title=Mass surveillance - Resolution 2045 (2015)|url=https://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/Xref-XML2HTML-EN.asp?fileid=21692&lang=en|publisher=Parliamentary Assembly|accessdate=2 January 2017}}

Privacy campaigners argue that instead of "wasting resources gathering and sifting through the volume of data being accumulated through mass surveillance", resources would be better allocated in providing more personnel for targeted surveillance.{{cite news|last1=MacAskill|first1=Ewen|title=Does the Berlin attack make the case for increased surveillance?|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/22/berlin-terrorist-attack-surveillance-intelligence-agencies|newspaper=The Guardian|accessdate=2 January 2017|date=22 December 2016}}

In an analysis of 10 recent terror attacks, Ryan Gallagher of The Intercept concludes that, "if any lesson can be learned from studying the perpetrators of recent attacks, it is that there needs to be a greater investment in conducting targeted surveillance of known terror suspects and a move away from the constant knee-jerk expansion of dragnet surveillance, which has simply not proven itself to be effective, regardless of the debate about whether it is legal or ethical in the first place".{{cite web|last1=Gallagher|first1=Ryan|title=From Paris to Boston, Terrorists Were Already Known to Authorities|url=https://theintercept.com/2015/11/18/terrorists-were-already-known-to-authorities/|website=The Intercept|date=18 November 2015|accessdate=2 January 2017}}

After Privacy International launched a legal case against Britain's security services, Thomas de la Mare QC of the group states there is a danger that "de facto constant surveillance", such as the services' orders for bulk data from telecom companies on request, could become "the most potent instrument of repression", and argued during the hearing, that such non-targeted forms of surveillance have turned investigations on their head. The campaigners argue that whereas in the past, individual inquiries based on suspicion would throw up leads, it is now algorithmic processing of data providing those leads with that amounting to mass surveillance.{{cite news|last1=Lomas|first1=Natasha|title=UK heading towards era of parliament-approved mass surveillance|url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/11/02/uk-heading-towards-era-of-parliament-approved-mass-surveillance/|work=TechCrunch|accessdate=2 January 2017}}

Civil rights group Liberty, which is challenging the legality of bulk collection in the European Court of Human Rights criticizes the "Report of the bulk powers review" by David Anderson QC for failing to answer whether information gathered via bulk powers was the "critical factor in preventing or detecting serious crime, and whether that information could have been obtained from smart, targeted surveillance instead".{{cite news|last1=Lomas|first1=Natasha|title=UK spy agencies' use of mass surveillance backed by external reviewer|url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/08/19/uk-spy-agencies-use-of-mass-surveillance-backed-by-external-reviewer/|work=TechCrunch|accessdate=2 January 2017}}

Lord Paddick comments the 2016 Investigatory Powers Act, saying "as with any legislation, there is a significant risk that authorities will use powers in a way that parliament never intended" and called for proper oversight to ensure any surveillance is targeted and proportionate.{{cite news|last1=Asthana|first1=Anushka|title=Revealed: British councils used Ripa to secretly spy on public|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/25/british-councils-used-investigatory-powers-ripa-to-secretly-spy-on-public|newspaper=The Guardian|accessdate=2 January 2017|date=25 December 2016}} Privacy campaigners say the bill clearly lays out the mass surveillance powers that would be at the disposal of the security services, and want it be amended so that the surveillance is targeted and based on suspicion. They argue that the powers are so sweeping, and the bill's language so general, that not just the security services but also government bodies will be able to analyze the records of millions of people even if they are not under suspicion.{{cite news|last1=Viña|first1=Gonzalo|title=Surveillance: Taking liberties?|url=https://www.ft.com/content/1b7df076-57bb-11e6-9f70-badea1b336d4|newspaper=Financial Times|accessdate=2 January 2017}}

Troy Wolverton notes that the documents leaked by Snowden revealed widespread abuses, both at home and abroad. He says that "instead of targeted surveillance of particular threats, the NSA had a motto and mentality of 'collect it all' on everybody, the privacy of anyone involved be damned".{{cite web|last1=Wolverton|first1=Troy|title=Opinion: Tech industry should lead Snowden pardon charge|url=http://phys.org/news/2016-09-opinion-tech-industry-snowden-pardon.html|accessdate=2 January 2017}}

Jo Glanville, editor of Index on Censorship and a member of the Ministry of Justice working party on libel reform, asserts that keeping the country safe does not entitle the government or the intelligence services to act without regards to our human rights and that "it is possible to conduct targeted surveillance with effective oversight while according respect to all our rights".{{cite book|last1=Wright|first1=David|last2=Kreissl|first2=Reinhard|title=Surveillance in Europe|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317915461|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sauQBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT26|accessdate=2 January 2017|language=en|date=2014-09-19}}

Computer scientists at the University of Pennsylvania have developed an algorithmic framework for conducting targeted surveillance of individuals within social networks while protecting the privacy of "untargeted" digital bystanders that "outputs a list of confirmed targeted individuals discovered in the network, for whom any subsequent action (e.g., publication in a most-wanted list, further surveillance, or arrest in the case of terrorism; medical treatment or quarantine in the case of epidemics) will not compromise the privacy of the protected".{{cite web|last1=Byrne|first1=Michael|title=Algorithms Claim to Hunt Terrorists While Protecting the Privacy of Others|date=11 January 2016|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/algorithms-claim-to-hunt-terrorists-while-protecting-the-privacy-of-others/|publisher=Vice Motherboard|access-date=2 January 2017|language=en-us}}{{cite journal|last1=Kearns|first1=Michael|last2=Roth|first2=Aaron|last3=Wu|first3=Zhiwei Steven|last4=Yaroslavtsev|first4=Grigory|title=Private algorithms for the protected in social network search|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|date=26 January 2016|volume=113|issue=4|pages=913–918|doi=10.1073/pnas.1510612113|language=en|issn=0027-8424|pmc=4743768|pmid=26755606|bibcode=2016PNAS..113..913K|doi-access=free}}

In January 2017 it was reported that German federal agencies are using a new program called "Radar", developed by the BKA and the University of Zürich, that aims to help evaluate the risk posed by persons. It includes a catalog of questions such as about the person's relationship to violence and access to weapons and takes into account data on past terrorists.{{cite web|title=Neues Sicherheitssystem: "Radar" soll Gefährder besser erkennen|url=http://www.n-tv.de/politik/Radar-soll-Gefaehrder-besser-erkennen-article19609922.html|website=n-tv.de|accessdate=30 March 2017|language=de}}{{cite web|title=Neue BKA-Software soll Gefährder beurteilen|url=https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/amri-125.html|website=tagesschau.de|accessdate=30 March 2017|language=de-DE}}

The crypto and security communities can make the Internet more secure by making population-wide surveillance technically or economically infeasible, understanding that modest amounts of targeted surveillance will always be technically and economically feasible.{{cite journal|title=Privacy and Security in an Age of Surveillance|doi=10.4230/DagMan.5.1.25|year=2015|last1=Preneel|first1=Bart|last2=Rogaway|first2=Philipp|last3=Ryan|first3=Mark D.|last4=Ryan|first4=Peter Y. A.|journal=Dagstuhl Manifestos |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=25–37 |doi-access=free |s2cid=13137112}}

Edward Snowden notes that "we're thwarting mass surveillance when we use encryption. We're not stopping targeted surveillance. Because even, again, if you have the most well-encrypted device in the world, if the government spends a million dollars to pay a hacker to exploit your phone personally, they will very likely succeed".{{cite web|title=Snowden: 'Journalists Are a Threatened Class' in Era of Mass Surveillance|url=http://www.commondreams.org/news/2016/10/26/snowden-journalists-are-threatened-class-era-mass-surveillance|publisher=Common Dreams|accessdate=2 January 2017}}

The Electronic Frontier Foundation claims that the NSA and its defenders are trying to pass off their mass surveillance as being authorized under Section 702 of the FISA Amendments Act as "targeted surveillance" even though it includes the collection of the content of hundreds of millions of communications annually and the real-time search of billions more which according to them fits the definition "mass surveillance" under Section 702.{{cite web|title=Word Games: What the NSA Means by "Targeted" Surveillance Under Section 702|url=https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2016/08/nsa-word-games-mass-v-targeted-surveillance-under-section-702|publisher=Electronic Frontier Foundation|accessdate=2 January 2017|date=24 August 2016}}

Furthermore, the organization asks how the US government justified the Yahoo email scanning under FISA, asking whether the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court has interpreted FISA – which authorizes targeted surveillance of certain foreigners' (such as spies or terrorists) communications – to mean that the government can conscript Yahoo into mass surveillance of all of its users' emails.{{cite web|title=It's Time for Answers on Yahoo's Email Scanning|url=https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2016/10/its-time-answers-yahoos-email-scanning|publisher=Electronic Frontier Foundation|accessdate=2 January 2017|date=25 October 2016}}

According to documents obtained from Edward Snowden and published by Glenn Greenwald, the NSA and GCHQ have been automating targeted operations, allowing for "industrial scale exploitation" that can potentially infect "millions" of machines with malware.{{cite magazine|last1=Kopfstein|first1=Janus|title=The NSA's "Targeted" Surveillance Is Looking Less Targeted All the Time|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2014/03/12/nsa_tailored_access_operations_turbine_surveillance_looking_less_targeted.html|magazine=Slate|accessdate=2 January 2017|date=12 March 2014}}{{cite web|last1=Doctorow|first1=Cory|title=NSA trove shows 9:1 ratio of innocents to suspicious people in "targeted surveillance"|url=https://boingboing.net/2014/07/06/huge-nsa-surveillance-trove-sh.html|publisher=Boing Boing|accessdate=2 January 2017|date=6 July 2014}}

• Person of interest
• Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)
• PRISM (surveillance program)
• MYSTIC (surveillance program)
• TURBINE (US government project)
• XKeyscore
• MUSCULAR (surveillance program)
• Tempora
• List of government mass surveillance projects
• Upstream collection
• Right to privacy
• Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights
• Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution
• Lawful interception
• Social network analysis
• Target acquisition

{{reflist|30em}}

• [https://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/default.aspx?pdffile=CDL-AD(2015)006-e Update of the 2007 report on the democratic oversight of the security services and report on the democratic oversight of signals intelligence agencies], European Commission for Democracy Through Law
• [https://www.stiftung-nv.de/sites/default/files/snv_g10.pdf The key to intelligence reform in Germany: Strengthening the G 10-Commission's role to authorise strategic surveillance]
• [https://www.accessnow.org/new-call-u-s-surveillance-reform/ A new call for U.S. surveillance reform], AccessNow
• [https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn26801-mass-surveillance-not-effective-for-finding-terrorists/ Mass surveillance not effective for finding terrorists], New Scientist

{{Espionage}}

Category:Crime prevention

Category:Counterterrorism

Category:Human rights

Category:Law enforcement techniques

Category:National security

Category:Surveillance