technological supremacy
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Technological supremacy is the notion of supremacy in the field of technology in either a regional{{Cite book |last=Moldicz |first=Csaba |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003128625 |title=China, the USA and Technological Supremacy in Europe |date=July 7, 2021 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-003-12862-5 |location=London|doi=10.4324/9781003128625 |s2cid=242607596 }} or global international relations context,{{Cite book |first=Nigel |last=Inkster |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1259590704 |title=The Great Decoupling China, America and the Struggle for Technological Supremacy. |date=2021 |publisher=Hurst Publishers |isbn=978-1-78738-613-6 |oclc=1259590704}} as well as in subfields, such as military-technological supremacy, including air supremacy. The notion of one or more powers enjoying technological supremacy is ancient; the term 'technological supremacy' dates back to the 1950s. It is normally understood to be wielded by a superpower, such as the United States, originally in competition with the Soviet Union{{Cite journal |last=Cecil |first=Andrew Rockover |date=September 1, 1957 |title=The soviet challenge for technological supremacy |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/01619565709536774 |journal=Peabody Journal of Education |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=67–76 |doi=10.1080/01619565709536774 |issn=0161-956X|url-access=subscription }}{{Cite book |last=Paine |first=Lincoln P. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/44128252 |title=Ships of discovery and exploration |date=2000 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Co |isbn=0-395-98415-7 |location=Boston |pages=142–143 |oclc=44128252}} and now with China.{{Cite book |first=Mackenzie |last=Eaglen |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/820674427 |title=US military technological supremacy under threat |date=2012 |publisher=American Enterprise Institute |oclc=820674427}}{{Cite news |last=Gewirtz |first=Julian |date=June 23, 2021 |title=China's Long March to Technological Supremacy |journal=Foreign Affairs |language=en-US |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2019-08-27/chinas-long-march-technological-supremacy |access-date=2022-08-18 |issn=0015-7120}}{{Cite web |date=July 30, 2019 |title=China and the United States: The Battle for Technological Supremacy |url=https://www.nippon.com/en/in-depth/d00501/china-and-the-united-states-the-battle-for-technological-supremacy.html |access-date=2022-08-18 |website=nippon.com |language=en}} Fields in which technological supremacy is being contested include artificial intelligence;{{Cite journal |last1=Han |first1=The Anh |last2=Moniz Pereira |first2=Luis |last3=Santos |first3=Francisco C. |last4=Lenaerts |first4=Tom |date=November 22, 2020 |title=To Regulate or Not: A Social Dynamics Analysis of an Idealised AI Race |journal=Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research |volume=69 |pages=881–921 |doi=10.1613/jair.1.12225 |s2cid=227183091 |issn=1076-9757|doi-access=free |hdl=10362/121438 |hdl-access=free }} wireless technology;{{Cite book |last1=Amanullah |first1=Q. |url=https://www.gfcyber.org/download/policy-brief-february-2020-by-a-quadri-m-k-khan/ |title=The G-War: Race for technological supremacy in 5G and 6G |last2=Khan |first2=M.K. |publisher=Global Foundation for Cyber Studies and Research |year=2020}} and batteries, especially lithium batteries.{{Cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=Hojong |last2=Boysen |first2=Dane A. |last3=Newhouse |first3=Jocelyn M. |last4=Spatocco |first4=Brian L. |last5=Chung |first5=Brice |last6=Burke |first6=Paul J. |last7=Bradwell |first7=David J. |last8=Jiang |first8=Kai |last9=Tomaszowska |first9=Alina A. |last10=Wang |first10=Kangli |last11=Wei |first11=Weifeng |last12=Ortiz |first12=Luis A. |last13=Barriga |first13=Salvador A. |last14=Poizeau |first14=Sophie M. |last15=Sadoway |first15=Donald R. |date=March 13, 2013 |title=Liquid Metal Batteries: Past, Present, and Future |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr300205k |journal=Chemical Reviews |language=en |volume=113 |issue=3 |pages=2075–2099 |doi=10.1021/cr300205k |pmid=23186356 |issn=0009-2665|url-access=subscription }}{{Cite journal |date=July 29, 2020 |title=Bolivia: A World Power in Lithium, the Coup d'état and the Dispute for Technological Supremacy Between the USA and China |journal=Journal of Applied Business and Economics |volume=22 |issue=3 |doi=10.33423/jabe.v22i3.2855 |s2cid=241530448 |issn=1499-691X|doi-access=free }}
Specifically, China is developing its Little Giants program to rival Silicon Valley, its Made in China 2025 program, a new infrastructure program, its Xinchuang Plan for alternative innovation, its digital currency plan, and its science parks plan.{{Cite news |date=January 23, 2022 |title=China's Vast Blueprint for Tech Supremacy Over U.S. |language=en |work=Bloomberg.com |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-01-23/china-s-vast-blueprint-for-tech-supremacy-over-u-s-quicktake |access-date=2022-08-18}} The development and maintenance of technological supremacy is associated with the promotion of technological companies and, in the military field, the relation between technological companies and the military in a country's military-technological complex,{{Cite book |last=Sutton |first=Jeanne C. Marrying commercial and military technologies : strategy for maintaining technological supremacy.. |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA487712.pdf |title=Essays on strategy |date=1993 |publisher=National Defense University Press |oclc=1023497246}} including Chinese-style 'military-civil fusion'.{{Cite news |date=March 11, 2021 |title=To maintain tech supremacy the US must avoid 'military-civil fusion' |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/d333bcd5-f981-475f-a3fa-f901d85c99bc |access-date=2022-08-18}}
The quest for technological supremacy is frequently depicted in science fiction, such as in Ready Player One.{{Cite journal |last=Stanford |first=Claire |date=2022 |title=Ready Player One and the Reassertion of US Economic and Technological Supremacy |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mfs.2022.0009 |journal=MFS Modern Fiction Studies |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=201–218 |doi=10.1353/mfs.2022.0009 |s2cid=250080460 |issn=1080-658X|url-access=subscription }}