temporal lobe

The temporal lobe consists of structures that are vital for declarative or long-term memory. Declarative (denotative) or explicit memory is conscious memory divided into semantic memory (facts) and episodic memory (events).{{rp|194|date=December 2012}}

The medial temporal lobe structures are critical for long-term memory, and include the hippocampal formation, perirhinal cortex, parahippocampal, and entorhinal neocortical regions.{{rp|196|date=December 2012}}{{cite journal |last1=van Staalduinen |first1=EK |last2=Zeineh |first2=MM |title=Medial Temporal Lobe Anatomy. |journal=Neuroimaging Clinics of North America |date=August 2022 |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=475–489 |doi=10.1016/j.nic.2022.04.012 |pmid=35843657|doi-access=free }} The hippocampus is critical for memory formation, and the surrounding medial temporal cortex is currently theorized to be critical for memory storage.{{rp|21|date=December 2012}} The prefrontal and visual cortices are also involved in explicit memory.{{rp|21|date=December 2012}}

Research has shown that lesions in the hippocampus of monkeys results in limited impairment of function, whereas extensive lesions that include the hippocampus and the medial temporal cortex result in severe impairment.{{cite journal | vauthors = Squire LR, Stark CE, Clark RE | title = The medial temporal lobe | journal = Annual Review of Neuroscience | volume = 27 | pages = 279–306 | date = 2004 | pmid = 15217334 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144130 }}

A form of epilepsy that involves the medial lobe is usually known as mesial temporal lobe epilepsy.{{cite journal |last1=Leach |first1=JL |last2=Awwad |first2=R |last3=Greiner |first3=HM |last4=Vannest |first4=JJ |last5=Miles |first5=L |last6=Mangano |first6=FT |title=Mesial temporal lobe morphology in intractable pediatric epilepsy: so-called hippocampal malrotation, associated findings, and relevance to presurgical assessment. |journal=Journal of Neurosurgery. Pediatrics |date=June 2016 |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=683–93 |doi=10.3171/2015.11.PEDS15485 |pmid=26870898}}

The temporal lobe communicates with the hippocampus and plays a key role in the formation of explicit long-term memory modulated by the amygdala.{{rp|349|date=December 2012}}

;Auditory: Adjacent areas in the superior, posterior, and lateral parts of the temporal lobes are involved in high-level auditory processing. The temporal lobe is involved in primary auditory perception, such as hearing, and holds the primary auditory cortex.{{cite book| vauthors = Schacter DL, Gilbert DT, Wegner DM |title=Psychology|url=https://archive.org/details/psychology0000scha|url-access=registration|year=2010|publisher=Worth Publishers|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4292-3719-2|edition=2nd}}{{page needed|date=December 2012}} The primary auditory cortex receives sensory information from the ears and secondary areas process the information into meaningful units such as speech and words. The superior temporal gyrus includes an area (within the lateral fissure) where auditory signals from the cochlea first reach the cerebral cortex and are processed by the primary auditory cortex in the left temporal lobe.{{Citation needed|date=December 2012}}

;Visual: The areas associated with vision in the temporal lobe interpret the meaning of visual stimuli{{Clarify|reason=What does it mean to "interpret the meaning of visual stimuli"? Source also needed.|date=May 2024}} and establish object recognition.{{cite journal | vauthors = Okamoto N, Seiyama A, Hori S, Takahashi S | title = Role of the left posterior middle temporal gyrus in shape recognition and its reconstruction during drawing: A study combining transcranial magnetic stimulation and functional near infrared spectroscopy | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 19 | issue = 5 | pages = e0302375 | date = 2024-05-03 | pmid = 38701103 | pmc = 11068196 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0302375 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2024PLoSO..1902375O }} The ventral part of the temporal cortices appears to be involved in high-level visual processing of complex stimuli such as faces (fusiform gyrus){{cite journal | vauthors = Volfart A, Jonas J, Maillard L, Colnat-Coulbois S, Rossion B | title = Neurophysiological evidence for crossmodal (face-name) person-identity representation in the human left ventral temporal cortex | journal = PLOS Biology | volume = 18 | issue = 4 | pages = e3000659 | date = April 2020 | pmid = 32243450 | pmc = 7159237 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000659 | doi-access = free | veditors = Freiwald WA }} and scenes (parahippocampal gyrus).{{cite journal | vauthors = Bastin J, Committeri G, Kahane P, Galati G, Minotti L, Lachaux JP, Berthoz A | title = Timing of posterior parahippocampal gyrus activity reveals multiple scene processing stages | journal = Human Brain Mapping | volume = 34 | issue = 6 | pages = 1357–1370 | date = June 2013 | pmid = 22287281 | pmc = 6870532 | doi = 10.1002/hbm.21515 }} Anterior parts of this ventral stream for visual processing are involved in object perception and recognition.

File:Temporal lobe animation.gif

In humans, temporal lobe regions are critical for accessing the semantic meaning of spoken words, printed words, and visual objects.{{cite journal |vauthors=Visser M, Jefferies E, Lambon Ralph MA | title = Semantic Processing in the Anterior Temporal Lobes: A Meta-analysis of the Functional Neuroimaging Literature | journal = Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience | volume = 22 | issue = 6 | pages = 1083–1094 | date = June 2010 | pmid = 19583477 | doi = 10.1162/jocn.2009.21309 | url = https://pure.manchester.ac.uk/ws/files/23590131/POST-PEER-REVIEW-PUBLISHERS.PDF }} Wernicke's area, which spans the region between temporal and parietal lobes of the dominant cerebral hemisphere (the left, in the majority of cases), plays a key role (in tandem with Broca's area in the frontal lobe) in language comprehension,{{cite journal | vauthors = Hickok G, Poeppel D | title = The cortical organization of speech processing | journal = Nature Reviews. Neuroscience | volume = 8 | issue = 5 | pages = 393–402 | date = May 2007 | pmid = 17431404 | doi = 10.1038/nrn2113 | s2cid = 6199399 }} whether spoken language or signed language. FMRI imaging shows these portions of the brain are activated by signed or spoken languages.{{Cite web| vauthors = Richardson MW |title=Does the Brain Process Sign Language and Spoken Language Differently?|url=https://www.brainfacts.org:443/thinking-sensing-and-behaving/language/2018/does-the-brain-process-sign-language-and-spoken-language-differently-100918|access-date=2020-12-14|website=www.brainfacts.org|language=en}}{{cite journal | vauthors = Campbell R, MacSweeney M, Waters D | title = Sign language and the brain: a review | journal = Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education | volume = 13 | issue = 1 | pages = 3–20 | date = 29 June 2007 | pmid = 17602162 | doi = 10.1093/deafed/enm035 | doi-access = free }} These areas of the brain are active in children's language acquisition{{Cite web|title=Language Learning Through the Eye and Ear Webcast|url=https://clerccenter.gallaudet.edu/national-resources/clerc-center/learning-opportunities/webcasts/language-learning-through-the-eye-and-ear-webcast.html|access-date=2020-12-16|website=clerccenter.gallaudet.edu|archive-date=2020-12-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205084924/https://clerccenter.gallaudet.edu/national-resources/clerc-center/learning-opportunities/webcasts/language-learning-through-the-eye-and-ear-webcast.html}} whether accessed via hearing a spoken language, watching a signed language, or via hand-over-hand tactile versions of a signed language.{{cite journal | vauthors = Humphries T, Kushalnagar P, Mathur G, Napoli DJ, Padden C, Rathmann C, Smith SR | title = Language acquisition for deaf children: Reducing the harms of zero tolerance to the use of alternative approaches | journal = Harm Reduction Journal | volume = 9 | issue = | page = 16 | date = April 2012 | pmid = 22472091 | pmc = 3384464 | doi = 10.1186/1477-7517-9-16 | doi-access = free }}

The functions of the left temporal lobe are not limited to low-level perception but extend to comprehension, naming, and verbal memory.{{Cite web | vauthors = Mitjana LR |url=https://medsalud.com/medicina/lobulo-temporal|title=Lóbulo temporal: anatomía, funciones y características |work =MedSalud|date=6 September 2019|language=es|trans-title=Temporal lobe: anatomy, functions and characteristics}}

{{see also|Emotion and memory}}

The medial temporal lobes (near the sagittal plane) are thought to be involved in encoding declarative long term memory.{{rp|194–199|date=December 2012}} The medial temporal lobes include the hippocampi, which are essential for memory storage, therefore damage to this area can result in impairment in new memory formation leading to permanent or temporary anterograde amnesia.{{rp|194–199|date=December 2012}}

• Contralateral homonymous upper quadrantanopia (sector anopsia)
• Complex hallucinations (smell, sound, vision, memory)

• Receptive aphasia
• Wernicke's aphasia
• Anomic aphasia
• Dyslexia
• Impaired verbal memory
• Word agnosia, word deafness

• Impaired non-verbal memory
• Impaired musical skills

• Deafness
• Apathy (affective indifference)
• Impaired learning and memory
• Amnesia, Korsakoff syndrome, Klüver–Bucy syndrome

Individuals who suffer from medial temporal lobe damage have a difficult time recalling visual stimuli. This neurotransmission deficit is not due to lacking perception of visual stimuli, but rather to the inability to interpret what is perceived.{{Cite journal |last1=Pertzov |first1=Yoni |last2=Miller |first2=Thomas D. |last3=Gorgoraptis |first3=Nikos |last4=Caine |first4=Diana |last5=Schott |first5=Jonathan M. |last6=Butler |first6=Chris |last7=Husain |first7=Masud |date=August 2013 |title=Binding deficits in memory following medial temporal lobe damage in patients with voltage-gated potassium channel complex antibody-associated limbic encephalitis |journal=Brain: A Journal of Neurology |volume=136 |issue=Pt 8 |pages=2474–2485 |doi=10.1093/brain/awt129 |issn=1460-2156 |pmc=3722347 |pmid=23757763}} The most common symptom of inferior temporal lobe damage is visual agnosia, which involves impairment in the identification of familiar objects. Another less common type of inferior temporal lobe damage is prosopagnosia which is an impairment in the recognition of faces and distinction of unique individual facial features.{{cite journal | vauthors = Mizuno T, Takeda K | title = [The symptomatology of frontal and temporal lobe damages] | language = Japanese | journal = Brain and Nerve = Shinkei Kenkyu No Shinpo | volume = 61 | issue = 11 | pages = 1209–18 | date = November 2009 | pmid = 19938677 | doi = }}

Damage specifically to the anterior portion of the left temporal lobe can cause savant syndrome.{{cite journal | vauthors = Treffert DA | title = The savant syndrome: an extraordinary condition. A synopsis: past, present, future | journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences | volume = 364 | issue = 1522 | pages = 1351–1357 | date = May 2009 | pmid = 19528017 | pmc = 2677584 | doi = 10.1098/rstb.2008.0326 }}

Pick's disease, also known as frontotemporal amnesia, is caused by atrophy of the frontotemporal lobe.{{cite book | vauthors = Takeda N, Kishimoto Y, Yokota O | title = Neurodegenerative Diseases | chapter = Pick's Disease | series = Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology | year = 2012 | volume = 724 | pages = 300–316 | doi = 10.1007/978-1-4614-0653-2_23 | pmid = 22411252 | isbn = 978-1-4614-0652-5 }} Emotional symptoms include mood changes, which the patient may be unaware of, including poor attention span and aggressive behavior towards themselves or others. Language symptoms include loss of speech, inability to read or write, loss of vocabulary and overall degeneration of motor ability.{{cite journal | vauthors = Yokota O, Tsuchiya K, Arai T, Yagishita S, Matsubara O, Mochizuki A, Tamaoka A, Kawamura M, Yoshida H, Terada S, Ishizu H, Kuroda S, Akiyama H | title = Clinicopathological characterization of Pick's disease versus frontotemporal lobar degeneration with ubiquitin/TDP-43-positive inclusions | journal = Acta Neuropathologica | volume = 117 | issue = 4 | pages = 429–444 | date = April 2009 | pmid = 19194716 | doi = 10.1007/s00401-009-0493-4 | s2cid = 23749655 }}

Temporal lobe epilepsy is a chronic neurological condition characterized by recurrent seizures; symptoms include a variety of sensory (visual, auditory, olfactory, and gustation) hallucinations, as well as an inability to process semantic and episodic memories.{{cite journal | vauthors = Lah S, Smith ML | title = Semantic and episodic memory in children with temporal lobe epilepsy: do they relate to literacy skills? | journal = Neuropsychology | volume = 28 | issue = 1 | pages = 113–22 | date = January 2014 | pmid = 24245928 | doi = 10.1037/neu0000029 }}

Schizophrenia is a severe psychotic disorder characterized by severe disorientation. Its most explicit symptom is the perception of external voices in the form of auditory hallucinations. The cause of such hallucinations has been attributed to deficits in the left temporal lobe, specifically within the primary auditory cortex.{{cite journal | vauthors = Hugdahl K, Løberg EM, Nygård M | title = Left temporal lobe structural and functional abnormality underlying auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia | journal = Frontiers in Neuroscience | volume = 3 | issue = 1 | pages = 34–45 | date = May 2009 | pmid = 19753095 | pmc = 2695389 | doi = 10.3389/neuro.01.001.2009 | doi-access = free | url = }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Hugdahl K, Løberg EM, Nygård M | title = Left temporal lobe structural and functional abnormality underlying auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia | journal = Frontiers in Neuroscience | volume = 3 | issue = 1 | pages = 34–45 | date = May 2009 | pmid = 19753095 | pmc = 2695389 | doi = 10.3389/neuro.01.001.2009 | doi-access = free }} Decreased gray matter, among other cellular deficits, contribute to spontaneous neural activity that affects the primary auditory cortex as if it were experiencing acoustic auditory input. The misrepresentation of speech in the auditory cortex results in the perception of external voices in the form of auditory hallucinations in schizophrenic patients.{{cite journal | vauthors = Ikuta T, DeRosse P, Argyelan M, Karlsgodt KH, Kingsley PB, Szeszko PR, Malhotra AK | title = Subcortical modulation in auditory processing and auditory hallucinations | journal = Behavioural Brain Research | volume = 295 | issue = | pages = 78–81 | date = December 2015 | pmid = 26275927 | pmc = 4641005 | doi = 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.08.009 }} Structural and functional MRI techniques have accounted for this neural activity by testing affected and non-affected individuals with external auditory stimuli.

• Temporoparietal junction

{{Reflist|30em}}

{{commons category|Temporal lobe}}

{{Prosencephalon}}

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Category:Cerebrum

Category:Neurology

Category:Brain

Category:Cerebral cortex