terbium compounds

File:Tetraterbium heptaoxide.jpg

Terbium has a variety of oxides. The most easily obtained is terbium(III,IV) oxide, which can be produced by the decomposition of terbium compounds such as the hydroxide,Chen Shouchun. Important Inorganic Chemical Reactions. Shanghai Science and Technology Press, 1994. pp 1304-1305. the oxalate{{cite book |author=Hartmut Bergmann, Leopold Gmelin |title=Gmelin Handbook of Inorganic Chemistry, System Number 39 |year=1986 |publisher=Springer-Verlag |isbn=978-3-540-93525-4 |page=397 }} and the p-aminobenzoate.{{cite journal|last1=Teixeira|first1=J.A.|last2=Nunes|first2=W.D.G.|last3=do Nascimento|first3=A.L.C.S.|last4=Colman|first4=T.A.D.|last5=Caires|first5=F.J.|last6=Gálico|first6=D.A.|last7=Ionashiro|first7=M.|title=Synthesis, thermoanalytical, spectroscopic study and pyrolysis of solid rare earth complexes (Eu, Gd, Tb and Dy) with p -aminobenzoic acid|journal=Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis|volume=121|year=2016|pages=267–274 |doi=10.1016/j.jaap.2016.08.006|bibcode=2016JAAP..121..267T |hdl=11449/178331 |hdl-access=free}} Terbium(III,IV) oxide, because the oxide contains both trivalent terbium and tetravalent terbium, can be produced by reacting with nitric acid to produce terbium nitrate, releasing oxygen in the progress:

: 2 Tb₄O₇ + 24 HNO₃ → 8 Tb(NO₃)₃ + 12 H₂O + O₂↑

It is refluxed in a mixture of acetic acid and hydrochloric acid, which can separate trivalent and tetravalent terbium:{{cite book |title= Synthetic Methods of Organometallic and Inorganic Chemistry|last1= Edelmann|first1= F.T.|last2= Poremba|first2= P.|editor1-first= W.A.|editor1-last= Herrmann|volume= 6|year= 1967|publisher= Georg Thieme Verlag|location= Stuttgart|isbn= 3-13-103071-2}}

: Tb₄O₇ + 6 HCl → 2 TbO₂ + 2 TbCl₃ + 3 H₂O

It reacts with dicyandiamide at a high temperature to obtain Tb₂O₂CN₂.{{cite journal|last1=Lei|first1=M.|last2=Zhao|first2=H.Z.|last3=Yang|first3=H.|last4=Song|first4=B.|last5=Cao|first5=L.Z.|last6=Li|first6=P.G.|last7=Tang|first7=W.H.|title=Syntheses of metal nitrides, metal carbides and rare-earth metal dioxymonocarbodiimides from metal oxides and dicyandiamide|journal=Journal of Alloys and Compounds|volume=460|issue=1–2|year=2008|pages=130–137 |doi=10.1016/j.jallcom.2007.05.076}}

Another common oxide of terbium is terbium(III) oxide, which can be obtained from the reduction of hydrogen from terbium(III,IV) oxide at 1300 °C.{{cite journal|journal=Journal of Applied Crystallography|volume=4|issue=5|date=October 1971|pages=399–400|doi=10.1107/S0021889871007295|title=Crystal data on C-type terbium sesquioxide ({{chem|Tb|2|O|3}})|author=G. J. McCarthy}} A p-type semiconductor is formed after doping with calcium.{{cite journal|journal=Solid State Ionics|volume=176|issue=39–40|date=December 2005|pages=2957–2961|doi=10.1016/j.ssi.2005.09.030|publisher=Elsevier B.V.|title=Proton conductivity of Ca-doped {{chem|Tb|2|O|3}}|author1=Reidar Haugsrud |author2=Yngve Larring |author3=Truls Norby |name-list-style=amp }}

Terbium(IV) oxide can be prepared by treating terbium(III,IV) oxide with dilute hydrochloric acid,Inorganic Chemistry Series. pp 244-257 its hydrate TbO₂·xH₂O can be obtained by oxidizing terbium(III) hydroxide with potassium persulfate in the presence of silver nitrate.{{cite journal |title=用化学氧化法从水溶液中制备Tb(IV)水合氧化物及其性质的研究 - 中国知网 |journal=兰州大学学报 |date=1983 |issue=1 |pages=71–80 |doi=10.13885/j.issn.0455-2059.1983.01.010 |last1=杨 |first1=汝栋 |last2=刘 |first2=建民 |last3=马 |first3=太儒 }} Terbium(IV) oxide can form mixed crystals with praseodymium(IV) oxide.{{cite journal |last1=Brauer |first1=G. |last2=Pfeiffer |first2=B. |title=Über Mischkristalle zwischen Praseodymdioxid und Terbiumdioxid |journal=Journal für Praktische Chemie |date=November 1966 |volume=34 |issue=1–4 |pages=23–29 |doi=10.1002/prac.19660340103 }}

Terbium(III) sulfide is one of the sulfides of terbium, which can be obtained by reacting with sulfur in a stoichiometric ratio.{{cite journal |last1=Orlova |first1=I. G. |last2=Eliseev |first2=A. A. |title=Физико-химическое исследование взаимоде ствия серы с тэрбием |trans-title=Physicochemical investigation into reaction of sulfur with terbium |language=ru |journal=Zhurnal Neorganicheskoj Khimii |date=1983 |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=65–68 |id={{INIST|PASCAL83X0237088}} |osti=5032526 }}

It can also be obtained by reacting terbium(III,IV) oxide with carbon disulfide and hydrogen sulfide at high temperature.{{cite journal|last1=Andrrev|first1=O.V.|last2=Razumkova|first2=I.A.|last3=Boiko|first3=A.N.|title=Synthesis and thermal stability of rare earth compounds REF₃ , REF₃ · n H₂O and (H₃O)RE₃F₁₀ · n H₂O (RE = Tb − Lu, Y), obtained from sulphide precursors|journal=Journal of Fluorine Chemistry|volume=207|year=2018|pages=77–83 |doi=10.1016/j.jfluchem.2017.12.001}} It reacts with hydrofluoric acid solution to give terbium(III) fluoride hemihydrate. Terbium(III) selenide can be obtained by the reaction of terbium polyselenide TbSe_1.9 with metal terbium, which can form black needle-like crystals with U₂S₃ structure and space group Pnma.{{cite journal |last1=Grundmeier |first1=Thorsten |last2=Urland |first2=Werner |title=Zur Kristallstruktur von Tb2Se3 |journal=Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie |date=November 1997 |volume=623 |issue=11 |pages=1744–1746 |doi=10.1002/zaac.19976231113 |doi-access=free }} Terbium monochalcogenides, TbZ (Z = S, Se or Te), can be prepared by directly reacting terbium with the corresponding chalcogen. These chalcogenides are black and have a NaCl structure. They have metallic conductivity and consist of Ln³⁺ and Z^2- ions with 1 electron from each cation delocalized in a conduction band.

File:Terbium(III) chloride hexahydrate.jpg

Terbium can form four trihalides in the form TbX₃ (X=F, Cl, Br, I), which, except the fluoride, are easily soluble in water, and are strong electrolytes in water. They can be prepared by reacting terbium with the corresponding halogen:[https://www.webelements.com/terbium/chemistry.html Terbium: reactions of elements] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171657/https://www.webelements.com/terbium/chemistry.html |date=2022-09-20 }}. WebElements. [2017-4-10]

:{{chem2|2Tb (s) + 3F2 (g) → 2TbF3 (s)}} [a white substance]

:{{chem2|2Tb (s) + 3Cl2 (g) → 2TbCl3 (s)}} [a white substance]

:{{chem2|2Tb (s) + 3Br2 (g) → 2TbBr3 (s)}} [a white substance]

:{{chem2|2Tb (s) + 3I2 (g) → 2TbI3 (s)}}

Anhydrous terbium halides can be prepared by reacting oxides or halides hydrates:Inorganic Chemistry Series. pp 210-215. 2. Halides

: Tb₂O₃ + 6 NH₄Cl → 2 TbCl₃ + 3 H₂O + 6 NH₃↑

: TbCl₃·6H₂O + 6 SOCl₂ → TbCl₃ + 6 SO₂↑ + 12 HCl↑

Terbium(II) halides are obtained by annealing Tb(III) halides in presence of metallic Tb in tantalum containers. Terbium also forms a sesquichloride {{chem2|Tb2Cl3}}, which can be further reduced to TbCl by annealing at 800 °C. This terbium(I) chloride forms platelets with layered graphite-like structure.{{cite book| page=1128| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U3MWRONWAmMC&pg=PA1128| title =Advanced inorganic chemistry| edition =6th| author= Cotton| publisher= Wiley-India| date = 2007| isbn =978-81-265-1338-3}}

Terbium(IV) fluoride is the only halide that tetravalent terbium can form, and has strong oxidizing properties. It is also a strong fluorinating agent, emitting relatively pure atomic fluorine when heated, rather than the mixture of fluoride vapors emitted from cobalt(III) fluoride or cerium(IV) fluoride.{{cite journal |last1=Rau |first1=J. V. |last2=Chilingarov |first2=N. S. |last3=Leskiv |first3=M. S. |last4=Sukhoverkhov |first4=V. F. |last5=Rossi Albertini |first5=V. |last6=Sidorov |first6=L. N. |title=Transition and rare earth metal fluorides as thermal sources of atomic and molecular fluorine |journal=Le Journal de Physique IV |date=August 2001 |volume=11 |issue=PR3 |pages=Pr3–109–Pr3-113 |doi=10.1051/jp4:2001314}} It can be obtained by reacting terbium(III) chloride or terbium(III) fluoride with fluorine gas at 320 °C:{{Cite book|author=G. Meyer |author2=Lester R. Morss |title= Synthesis of Lanthanide and Actinide Compounds. |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|year= 1991|page=60|isbn= 978-0-7923-1018-1 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bnS5elHL2w8C&pg=PA60}}

: 2 TbF₃ + F₂ → 2 TbF₄

When TbF₄ and CsF is mixed in a stoichiometric ratio, in a fluorine gas atmosphere, CsTbF₅ is obtained. It is an orthorhombic crystal, with space group Cmca, with a layered structure composed of [TbF₈]⁴⁻ and 11-coordinated Cs⁺.{{cite journal|last1=Gaumet|first1=V.|last2=Avignant|first2=D.|title=Caesium Pentafluoroterbate, CsTbF₅|journal=Acta Crystallographica Section C: Crystal Structure Communications|volume=53|issue=9|year=1997|pages=1176–1178 |doi=10.1107/S0108270197005556|bibcode=1997AcCrC..53.1176G }} The compound BaTbF₆ can be prepared in a similar method. It is an orthorhombic crystal, with space group Cmma. The compound [TbF₈]⁴⁻ also exists.{{cite journal|last1=Largeau|first1=E.|last2=El-Ghozzi|first2=M.|last3=Métin|first3=J.|last4=Avignant|first4=D.|title=β-BaTbF6|journal=Acta Crystallographica Section C: Crystal Structure Communications|volume=53|issue=5|year=1997|pages=530–532 |doi=10.1107/S0108270196014527|bibcode=1997AcCrC..53..530L }}

{{See also|Organolanthanide chemistry}}

Organoterbium compounds are a class of organic metal compounds containing Tb-C bonds. The cyclopentadienyl complexes of terbium were studied in the early stage. They can be prepared by the reaction of sodium cyclopentadienide and anhydrous terbium halide in tetrahydrofuran, such as:无机化学丛书. pp 338. 2.3.7 稀土元素有机化合物.

: TbCl₃ + 3 C₅H₅Na → (C₅H₅)3Tb + 3 NaCl

: TbI₂ + 2 (C₅HiPr₄)Na → (C₅HiPr₄)2Tb + 2 NaI

However, this compound has limited usage and academic interest.{{cite book |last1=Hagen |first1=A. P. |title=Inorganic Reactions and Methods, The Formation of Bonds to Elements of Group IVB (C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) (Part 4) |date=2009 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-470-14547-0 }}{{pn|date=October 2022}}

Like the other lanthanides, metal-carbon σ bonds are found in alkyls of terbium such as [TbMe₆]³⁻ and Tb[CH(SiMe₃)₂]₃. The alkyls and aryls can be prepared by metathesis in tetrahydrofuran on ether solutions:

: TbCl₃ + 3 LiR → TbR₃ + 3 LiCl

: TbCl₃ + 4 LiR → Li[TbR₄] + 3 LiCl₃

{{multiple image|align = left

| footer = Terbium(III) sulfate (Tb₂(SO₄)₃) is a colorless crystal (left) that fluoresces green under ultraviolet light (right).

| width1 = 120|image1 = Tb-sulfate.jpg

| width2 = 127|image2 = Tb-sulfate-luminescence.jpg

}}

File:Terbium acetate reacting with cesium carbonate.webm reacts with caesium carbonate to form a precipitate of terbium hydroxycarbonate, which reacts with excess caesium carbonate and dissolves again. The reaction was irradiated with ultraviolet light with a wavelength of 365 nm, which produces the characteristic green light of terbium.]]

Terbium(III) sulfate can be obtained by the reaction of terbium(III,IV) oxide and concentrated sulfuric acid. It can crystallize colorless octahydrate crystals in water, which is isostructural with the corresponding praseodymium compound.{{cite journal|last1=Wei|first1=D.Y.|last2=Zheng|first2=Y.-Q.|title=Crystal structure of terbium sulfate octahydrate, Tb₂(SO₄)₃ · 8H₂O, and of dysprosium sulfate octahydrate, Dy₂(SO₄)₃ · 8H₂O|journal=Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - New Crystal Structures|volume=218|issue=JG|year=2003|pages=23–24 |doi=10.1524/ncrs.2003.218.jg.23|s2cid=98631742 |doi-access=free}} The anhydrate can be obtained by heating the octahydrate, and an exothermic reaction occurs when the anhydrate is rehydrated.无机化合物合成手册. pp 258-259. 819 硫酸盐. Terbium(III) hydroxide can be obtained by reacting terbium with water. It reacts with acids to produce terbium(III) salts. It decomposes to TbO(OH) at an elevated temperature, and upon further heating, will decompose to terbium(III) oxide.

Terbium(III) nitrate can be obtained by reacting terbium(III) oxide with nitric acid and crystallizing. The crystals are dried with 45~55% sulfuric acid to obtain the hexahydrate.{{cite journal |url=https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XTZZ199004006.htm |title=稀土硝酸盐的制法、性质及结构 }} The basic salt TbONO₃ can be obtained by heating the hydrate, and its anhydrate can be obtained by the reaction of terbium(III) oxide and dinitrogen tetroxide.无机化合物合成手册. pp 260-261. 820 硝酸盐. Terbium(III) phosphate can be obtained by the reaction of diammonium hydrogen phosphate and terbium(III) nitrate, and the reaction produces a hexagonal monohydrate, which can emit the characteristic green light of terbium (543 nm) under the excitation of 355 nm wavelength.{{cite journal|last1=Di|first1=Weihua|last2=Wang|first2=Xiaojun|last3=Zhao|first3=Haifeng|title=Synthesis and Characterization of LnPO₄ · nH₂O (Ln = La, Ce, Gd, Tb, Dy) Nanorods and Nanowires|journal=Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology|volume=7|issue=10|year=2007|pages=3624–3628 |doi=10.1166/jnn.2007.847|pmid=18330183 }} It can also be obtained by the reaction of sodium phosphate and terbium(III) chloride in solution, and the precipitated dihydrate is calcined at 800 °C to obtain the anhydrous form.Kalieva, K.; Stretkova, Z. V.; Babynina, N. A.; Gordienko, L. N.; Votoyarov, M.; Yakimov; Sakavov, I. E.; Mustaev, A. K. X-ray diffraction studies of praseodymium, neodymium, europium, terbium, dysprosium, erbium, holmium, and terbium orthophosphates. (in Russian) Tr. Kirg. Univ., Ser. Khim. Nauk, 1972. (2): 84-89. Terbium(III) arsenate is an orthorhombic crystal at 77 K with space group Fddd, and undergoes a phase transition at 27.7 K to form a tetragonal crystal with space group I4₁/amd, which is a ferromagnet below 1.5 K. It can be produced by reacting sodium arsenate and terbium(III) chloride.{{cite journal |last1=Gabisoniya |first1=Ts. D. |last2=Nanobashvili |first2=E. M. |title=Synthesis of rare earth metal arsenates |journal=Soobshcheniya Akademii Nauk Gruzinskoi SSR |year=1980 |volume=97 |issue=2 |pages=345–348 |issn=0002-3167 }}{{vs|date=October 2022}} Terbium(III) antimonate (TbSbO₄) is a monoclinic crystal with space group P2₁/m (No. 11).

Terbium(III) carbonate can be obtained by reacting terbium(III) chloride with saturated carbon dioxide solution in sodium bicarbonate, and the product also needs to be washed with water saturated with carbon dioxide.{{cite journal|last1=Sastry|first1=R.L.N.|last2=Yoganarasimhan|first2=S.R.|last3=Mehrotra|first3=P.N.|last4=Rao|first4=C.N.R.|title=Preparation, characterization and thermal decomposition of praseodymium, terbium and neodymium carbonates|journal=Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry|volume=28|issue=5|year=1966|pages=1165–1177 |doi=10.1016/0022-1902(66)80442-6}} The germanates Tb^III₁₃(GeO₄)₆O₇(OH) and K₂Tb^IVGe₂O₇ can be synthesized at high temperature and pressure, and they are colorless crystals of trigonal and monoclinic systems, respectively.{{cite journal|last1=Fulle|first1=Kyle|last2=Sanjeewa|first2=Liurukara D.|last3=McMillen|first3=Colin D.|last4=Wen|first4=Yimei|last5=Rajamanthrilage|first5=Apeksha C.|last6=Anker|first6=Jeffrey N.|last7=Chumanov|first7=George|last8=Kolis|first8=Joseph W.|title=One-Pot Hydrothermal Synthesis of Tb^III₁₃(GeO₄)₆O₇(OH) and K₂Tb^IVGe₂O₇: Preparation of a Stable Terbium(4+) Complex|journal=Inorganic Chemistry|volume=56|issue=11|year=2017|pages=6044–6047 |doi=10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b00821 |pmid=28537716 |osti=1596455 }} The tetrahydrate of terbium(III) acetate can lose hydration at 60 °C, obtaining the anhydrate at 180 °C, which starts to decompose at 220 °C, forming terbium oxide at 650 °C.{{cite journal |last1=Manabe |first1=Kazuo |last2=Ogawa |first2=Makoto |title=Thermal Decomposition of Terbium(III) Acetate Tetrahydrate |journal=Nippon Kagaku Kaishi |date=1982 |volume=1982 |issue=4 |pages=694–696 |doi=10.1246/nikkashi.1982.694 |doi-access=free }}

Terbium borate can be obtained by reacting terbium oxide with boric acid:{{cite journal |last1 = Zeng |first1 = Yubin |last2 = Liang |first2 = Yingfang |date = 2013 |title = A General Approach to Spindle-Assembled Lanthanide Borate Nanocrystals and Their Photoluminescence upon Eu³⁺/Tb³⁺ Doping |journal = Inorganic Chemistry|volume = 52 |issue = 16 |pages = 9590–9596 |doi = 10.1021/ic401299h |pmid = 23899367 }}

: 2 Tb₄O₇ + 8 H₃BO₃ → 8 TbBO₃ + 12 H₂O + O₂↑

The single crystal of its hexagonal phase can be obtained by the Czochralski method; it can also form a solid of the triclinic system, which can be obtained by the sol-gel method.{{cite journal|last1=Cao|first1=Li Li|last2=Chen|first2=Yi Yong|last3=Lin|first3=Chan Juan|last4=Shen|first4=Ze Bin|last5=Guo|first5=Fei Yun|last6=Ye|first6=Jing|last7=Chen|first7=Jian Zhong|title=Preparation of TbBO₃ Powder and Growth of TbBO₃ Crystal|journal=Advanced Materials Research|volume=306-307|year=2011|pages=416–422 |doi=10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.306-307.416|s2cid=138908676 }} The composite borates TbFe₃(BO₃)₄ and TbAl₃(BO₃)₄ can also be obtained by a similar method.{{cite journal|last1=Ritter|first1=C|last2=Balaev|first2=A|last3=Vorotynov|first3=A|last4=Petrakovskii|first4=G|last5=Velikanov|first5=D|last6=Temerov|first6=V|last7=Gudim|first7=I|title=Magnetic structure, magnetic interactions and metamagnetism in terbium iron borate TbFe3(BO3)4: a neutron diffraction and magnetization study|journal=Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter|volume=19|issue=19|year=2007|page=196227 |doi=10.1088/0953-8984/19/19/196227|bibcode=2007JPCM...19s6227R|s2cid=93818255}}{{cite journal|last1=Kadomtseva|first1=A. M.|last2=Popov|first2=Yu. F.|last3=Vorob'ev|first3=G. P.|last4=Kostyuchenko|first4=N. V.|last5=Popov|first5=A. I.|last6=Mukhin|first6=A. A.|last7=Ivanov|first7=V. Yu.|last8=Bezmaternykh|first8=L. N.|last9=Gudim|first9=I. A.|last10=Temerov|first10=V. L.|last11=Pyatakov|first11=A. P.|last12=Zvezdin|first12=A. K.|title=High-temperature magnetoelectricity of terbium aluminum borate: The role of excited states of the rare-earth ion|journal=Physical Review B|volume=89|issue=1|year=2014|page=014418 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevB.89.014418|bibcode=2014PhRvB..89a4418K }} Terbium(III) oxide, terbium(III) chloride and boron trioxide react in a caesium chloride solution to obtain terbium oxychloride borate Tb₄O₄Cl(BO₃), which is a monoclinic crystal with space group P2₁/n.{{cite journal|last1=Schäfer|first1=Marion C.|last2=Nikelski|first2=Tanja|last3=Schleid|first3=Thomas|title=Syntheses and crystal structures of the novel oxide chloride oxoborates Ln₄O₄Cl[BO₃] (Ln = Eu–Tm)|journal=Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials|volume=228|issue=9|year=2013 |doi=10.1524/zkri.2013.1648|s2cid=100606856 }} Both aluminate Tb₃Al₅O₁₂{{cite journal|last1=Lin|first1=Hui|last2=Zhou|first2=Shengming|last3=Teng|first3=Hao|title=Synthesis of Tb3Al5O12 (TAG) transparent ceramics for potential magneto-optical applications|journal=Optical Materials|volume=33|issue=11|year=2011|pages=1833–1836 |doi=10.1016/j.optmat.2011.06.017|bibcode=2011OptMa..33.1833L }} and gallate Tb₃Ga₅O₁₂{{cite journal|last1=Jin|first1=Weizhao|last2=Ding|first2=Jingxin|last3=Guo|first3=Li|last4=Gu|first4=Qi|last5=Li|first5=Chun|last6=Su|first6=Liangbi|last7=Wu|first7=Anhua|last8=Zeng|first8=Fanming|title=Growth and performance research of Tb 3 Ga 5 O 12 magneto-optical crystal|journal=Journal of Crystal Growth|volume=484|year=2018|pages=17–20 |doi=10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2017.12.024|bibcode=2018JCrGr.484...17J }} can be used as magneto-optical materials.

All the terbium pnictides form crystals of the cubic crystal system, with the space group of Fm3m.{{cite web |title=Terbium Phosphide TbP |url=https://materialsproject.org/materials/mp-645/|publisher=materialsproject.org |access-date=24 December 2021}}

{{cite journal | last1 = Dubey | first1 = Ritu | last2 = Singh | first2 = Sadhna | last3 = Kaur | first3 = Gurusharan | title = Structural analysis of terbium monopnictides under high pressure | journal = Solid State Communications | date = 2021-01-01 | volume = 338 | page = 114465 | doi = 10.1016/j.ssc.2021.114465 | bibcode = 2021SSCom.33814465D }}{{cite journal |last1=Hafemeister |first1=D. W. |last2=Flygare |first2=W. H. |title=Outer-Shell Overlap Integrals as a Function of Distance for Halogen—Halogen, Halogen—Alkali, and Alkali—Alkali Ions in the Alkali Halide Lattices |journal=The Journal of Chemical Physics |date=August 1965 |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=795–800 |doi=10.1063/1.1696846 |bibcode=1965JChPh..43..795H }} Terbium phosphide can be obtained by reacting sodium phosphide and anhydrous terbium(III) chloride at 700 to 800˚C.{{cite journal |last1=Rowley |first1=Adrian T. |last2=Parkin |first2=Ivan P. |title=Convenient synthesis of lanthanide and mixed lanthanide phosphides by solid-state routes involving sodium phosphide |journal=Journal of Materials Chemistry |date=1 January 1993 |volume=3 |issue=7 |pages=689–692 |doi=10.1039/JM9930300689 }} It undergoes a phase transition at 40 GPa from a NaCl-structure to a CsCl-structure.{{cite journal |last1=Adachi |first1=Takafumi |last2=Shirotani |first2=Ichimin |last3=Hayashi |first3=Junichi |last4=Shimomura |first4=Osamu |title=Phase transitions of lanthanide monophosphides with NaCl-type structure at high pressures |journal=Physics Letters A |pages=389–393 |doi=10.1016/S0375-9601(98)00840-8 |date=28 December 1998|volume=250 |issue=4–6 |bibcode=1998PhLA..250..389A }} It can be sintered with zinc sulfide to make a green phosphor layer.{{cite journal |last1=Raffius |first1=G. |last2=Kötzler |first2=J. |title=Field-dependence of the first-order phase transition in terbium phosphide |journal=Physics Letters A |date=February 1983 |volume=93 |issue=8 |pages=423–425 |doi=10.1016/0375-9601(83)90477-2 |bibcode=1983PhLA...93..423R }}

File:Sir William Crookes 1906.jpg

{{Main article|Terfenol-D}}

Terfenol-D is an alloy of terbium, iron and dysprosium, with the formula of {{chem2|auto=1|Tb_{x}Dy_{1−x}Fe2}}. It was initially developed in the 1970s by the Naval Ordnance Laboratory in the United States. The technology for manufacturing the material efficiently was developed in the 1980s at Ames Laboratory under a U.S. Navy-funded program.{{cite news |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1571/is_39_18/ai_94129964/ |title=PRC Espionage leads to "Terf" war: investigators say China placed students in American universities to gain secret information about an exotic material with valuable industrial and military uses |newspaper=Insight on the News Newspaper |date=2002-10-29 |access-date=2010-04-08 |first=Scott L. |last=Wheeler |archive-date=2012-07-16 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716084620/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1571/is_39_18/ai_94129964/ }} It has the highest magnetostriction of any alloy, with up to 0.002 m/m at saturation.{{cite journal |last1=Sandlund |first1=L. |last2=Fahlander |first2=M. |last3=Cedell |first3=T. |last4=Clark |first4=A. E. |last5=Restorff |first5=J. B. |last6=Wun-Fogle |first6=M. |title=Magnetostriction, elastic moduli, and coupling factors of composite Terfenol-D |journal=Journal of Applied Physics |date=15 May 1994 |volume=75 |issue=10 |pages=5656–5658 |doi=10.1063/1.355627 |bibcode=1994JAP....75.5656S }} It possess nearly zero magnetocrystalline anisotropy and so exhibits very large magnetostriction at low magnetic fields.{{cite journal |last1=Lim |first1=S.H. |last2=Kim |first2=S.R. |last3=Kang |first3=S.Y. |last4=Park |first4=J.K. |last5=Nam |first5=J.T. |last6=Son |first6=Derac |title=Magnetostrictive properties of polymer-bonded Terfenol-D composites |journal=Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials |date=January 1999 |volume=191 |issue=1–2 |pages=113–121 |doi=10.1016/S0304-8853(98)00315-1 |bibcode=1999JMMM..191..113L }} Terfenol-D is mostly used for its magnetostrictive properties, in which it changes shape when exposed to magnetic fields in a process called magnetization. Magnetic heat treatment is shown to improve the magnetostrictive properties of Terfenol-D at low compressive stress for certain ratios of Tb and Dy.{{Cite journal |last1=Verhoeven |first1=J. D. |last2=Ostenson |first2=J. E. |last3=Gibson |first3=E. D. |last4=McMasters |first4=O. D. |date=1989-07-15 |title=The effect of composition and magnetic heat treatment on the magnetostriction of Tb_xDy_1−xFe_y twinned single crystals |journal=Journal of Applied Physics |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=772–779 |doi=10.1063/1.343496 |bibcode=1989JAP....66..772V}}

{{Main article|Victorium}}

Victorium{{cite journal | doi = 10.1021/ed057p421| title = Sir William Crookes, Victorium, and the Library of Congress| journal = Journal of Chemical Education| volume = 57| issue = 6| page = 421| year = 1980| last1 = Elder| first1 = Eleanor S| bibcode = 1980JChEd..57..421E}} (also called monium, meaning "alone", because its spectral lines stood alone at the end of the ultraviolet spectrum{{cite book |last1=Fontani |first1=Marco |last2=Costa |first2=Mariagrazia |last3=Orna |first3=Mary Virginia |title=The Lost Elements: The Periodic Table's Shadow Side |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ck9jBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA203 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |pages= 202–203 |isbn=978-0-19-938336-8}}) is an alloy of gadolinium and terbium, which was misidentified as a chemical element in 1898 by the English chemist William Crookes. He identified the new substance, based on an analysis of the unique phosphorescence and other ultraviolet-visible spectral phenomena, as a new chemical element. However, in 1905, French chemist Georges Urbain had proven that to be false, and in fact, a impurity of gadolinium and terbium.{{cite book |last=Brock |first=William Hodson |author-link=William Hodson Brock |title=William Crookes (1832-1919) and the Commercialization of Science |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |year=2008 |pages=321–325 |isbn=978-0-7546-6322-5}}

Terbium compounds do not have many applications. However, compounds of trivalent terbium can emit green light under excitation, such as terbium(III) oxide which can be used in cathode-ray tube televisions.{{cite book|chapter-url =https://books.google.com/books?id=P4UCrfp_s0EC&pg=PA323|pages =323–325|chapter =Rare earths in luminescence|title =Rare earths|isbn =978-84-89784-33-8|last1 =Caro|first1 =Paul|date =1998-06-01|publisher =Editorial Complutense|access-date =2019-07-06|archive-date =2020-03-13|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20200313060458/https://books.google.com/books?id=P4UCrfp_s0EC&pg=PA323|url-status=live}} Terbium compounds are also used in optics due to this property. In addition, terbium compounds have other applications. For example, TbFe₂-based compounds can be used as magnetostrictive materials,{{cite journal|last1=Manwani|first1=Krishna|last2=Chelvane|first2=Arout J.|last3=Panda|first3=Emila|title=Oxidation of TbFe₂: Microstructure of oxide-film by both theory and experiment|journal=Corrosion Science|volume=130|year=2018|pages=153–160 |doi=10.1016/j.corsci.2017.10.030|bibcode=2018Corro.130..153M }} dielectric Tb₃Ga₅O₁₂ and Tb₃Al₅O₁₂ can be used as magneto-optical materials,{{cite journal|last1=Löw|first1=Ute|last2=Zherlitsyn|first2=Sergei|last3=Araki|first3=Koji|last4=Akatsu|first4=Mitsuhiro|last5=Nemoto|first5=Yuichi|last6=Goto|first6=Terutaka|last7=Zeitler|first7=Uli|last8=Lüthi|first8=Bruno|title=Magneto-Elastic Effects in Tb3Ga5O12|journal=Journal of the Physical Society of Japan|volume=83|issue=4|year=2014|page=044603 |doi=10.7566/JPSJ.83.044603|bibcode=2014JPSJ...83d4603L |url=https://repository.ubn.ru.nl//bitstream/handle/2066/128399/128399.pdf }} terbium(III) fluoride is used for the production of fluoride glasses and electroluminescent thin films and luminescent zinc sulfide{{Sigma-Aldrich|Aldrich|432067|Name=Terbium(III) fluoride, anhydrous, powder, 99.99% trace metals basis|Abruf=2013-09-29}} and terbium gatifloxacin can be used as drugs.{{cite journal |url=https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GDXH200204011.htm |title=加替沙星铽敏化化学发光与应用 }} Terbium phosphide is a semiconductor used in high power, high frequency applications and in laser diodes and other photo diodes.{{cite web |title=Terbium Phosphide |url=https://www.americanelements.com/terbium-phosphide-12037-64-8 |publisher=American Elements |access-date=9 January 2022 |language=en}} CePO₄:Tb (Cerium phosphate doped terbium) has potential application in biological imaging and cellular labeling.{{cite journal |last1=Di |first1=Weihua |last2=Li |first2=Jie |last3=Shirahata |first3=Naoto |last4=Sakka |first4=Yoshio |last5=Willinger |first5=Marc-Georg |last6=Pinna |first6=Nicola |title=Photoluminescence, cytotoxicity and in vitro imaging of hexagonal terbium phosphatenanoparticles doped with europium |journal=Nanoscale |date=2011 |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=1263–1269 |doi=10.1039/C0NR00673D |pmid=21135975 |bibcode=2011Nanos...3.1263D }}

Alloys containing terbium are used in the production of electronic devices, mostly as a component of Terfenol-D. The alloy is used in actuators,{{cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US6364221|title=Fuel Injector Patent|access-date=2011-02-18}} in sensors, in the SoundBug device (its first commercial application), hydraulic valve drivers{{Cite web|url=http://www.activesignaltech.com/Terfenol1.html|title=Active Signal Technologies Terfenol-D Transducer and Actuator Designs|website=www.activesignaltech.com|access-date=2018-12-09}} and other magnetomechanical devices. It is also used in naval sonar systems. Its strain is also larger than that of another normally used material (PZT8), which allows Terfenol-D transducers to reach greater depths for ocean explorations than past transducers.{{Cite journal|date=1997-08-01|title=Applications of Terfenol-D in China|journal=Journal of Alloys and Compounds|language=en|volume=258|issue=1–2|pages=49–52|doi=10.1016/S0925-8388(97)00068-6 |last1=Houqing|first1=Zhu|last2=Jianguo|first2=Liu|last3=Xiurong|first3=Wang|last4=Yanhong|first4=Xing|last5=Hongping|first5=Zhang}} Its low Young's Modulus brings some complications due to compression at large depths, which are overcome in transducer designs that may reach 1000 ft in depth and only lose a small amount of accuracy of around 1 dB. Due to its high temperature range, Terfenol-D is also useful in deep hole acoustic transducers where the environment may reach high pressure and temperatures like oil holes. Terfenol-D may also be used for hydraulic valve drivers due to its high strain and high force properties. Similarly, magnetostrictive actuators have also been considered for use in fuel injectors for diesel engines because of the high stresses that can be produced.{{cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US6364221|title=Fuel Injector Patent|access-date=2011-02-18}}

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| File:Terbium acetate.jpg

| Terbium acetate tetrahydrate (Tb(CH₃COO)₃·4H₂O)

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| File:Terbium(III) chloride hexahydrate.jpg

| Terbium(III) chloride hexahydrate (TbCl₃·6H₂O)

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| Terbium(III) hydroxide (Tb(OH)₃)

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| Terbium(III) phosphate (TbPO₄)

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| File:Tetraterbium heptaoxide.jpg

| Terbium(III,IV) oxide (Tb₄O₇)

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| Terbium(III) sulfate (Tb₂(SO₄)₃)

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| Terbium nitrate hexahydrate (Tb(NO₃)₃·6H₂O)

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• Europium compounds
• Berkelium compounds (the actinide analogue of terbium)

{{reflist}}

{{Terbium compounds}}

{{Chemical compounds by element}}

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