thiram
{{chembox
| Verifiedfields = changed
| Watchedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 437410135
| ImageFile = Thiuram.svg
| ImageAlt = Structural formula of thiram
| ImageFile1 = Thiram-3D-balls.png
| ImageSize1 = 200
| ImageAlt1 = Ball-and-stick model of the thiram molecule
| PIN = Dimethylcarbamothioic dithioperoxyanhydride
| OtherNames =
|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = 0D771IS0FH
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| CASNo = 137-26-8
| PubChem = 5455
| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
| KEGG = D06114
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|changed|EBI}}
| ChEBI = 9495
| SMILES = CN(C)C(=S)SSC(=S)N(C)C
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|changed|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 5256
| InChI = 1/C6H12N2S4/c1-7(2)5(9)11-12-6(10)8(3)4/h1-4H3
| InChIKey = KUAZQDVKQLNFPE-UHFFFAOYAK
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}}
| StdInChI = 1S/C6H12N2S4/c1-7(2)5(9)11-12-6(10)8(3)4/h1-4H3
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey = KUAZQDVKQLNFPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
}}
|Section2={{Chembox Properties
| C=6 | H=12 | N=2 | S=4
| Appearance= White to yellow crystalline powder
| Odor = Characteristic{{vague|date=June 2019}}
| MeltingPtC=155 to 156
| BoilingPt=
| BoilingPt_notes = decomposes
| Solubility=30 mg/L
| VaporPressure = 0.000008 mmHg (20 °C)
}}
|Section6={{Chembox Pharmacology
| ATCCode_prefix = P03
| ATCCode_suffix = AA05
}}
|Section7={{Chembox Hazards
| MainHazards=
| FlashPt={{convert|138|C|F}}U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1990 (Nov). SCS/ARS/CES Pesticide Properties Database: Version 2.0 (Summary). USDA - Soil Conservation Service, Syracuse, NY.
| AutoignitionPt =
| PEL = TWA 5 mg/m3{{PGCH|0612}}
| LC50 = 500 mg/m3 (rat, 4 hr){{IDLH|137268|Thiram}}
| LD50 = 1350 mg/kg (mouse, oral)
210 mg/kg (rabbit, oral)
560 mg/kg (rat, oral)
}}
}}
Thiram is the simplest thiuram disulfide and the oxidized dimer of dimethyldithiocarbamate. It is used as a fungicide, ectoparasiticide to prevent fungal diseases in seed and crops and similarly as an animal repellent to protect fruit trees and ornamentals from damage by rabbits, rodents and deer. It is effective against Stem gall of coriander, damping off, smut of millet, neck rot of onion, etc. Thiram has been used in the treatment of human scabies, as a sun screen and as a bactericide applied directly to the skin or incorporated into soap.{{cite web | url = http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/extoxnet/pyrethrins-ziram/thiram-ext.html | title = Thiram | publisher = Extension Toxicology Network}}
Thiram is also used as a sulfur source and secondary accelerator the sulfur vulcanization of rubbers.
Usage
Thiram was traditionally used in apple and wine farming. Since 2010 most thiram is applied to soybeans.
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Chemical properties
Thiram is a type of sulfur fungicide. It has been found to dissolve completely in chloroform, acetone, and ether. It is available as dust, flowable, wettable powder, water-dispersible granules, and water suspension formulations and in mixtures with other fungicides.
Thiram is nearly immobile in clay soils or in soils of high organic matter. It is not expected to contaminate groundwater because of its in-soil half life of 15 days, in addition to its tendency to adhere to soil particles.{{cite book | editor = Howard, P.H. | year = 1989 | title = Handbook of Environmental Fate and Exposure Data for Organic Chemicals | volume = III: Pesticides | publisher = Lewis Publishers | location = Chelsea, MI}}
As a waste, thiram carries an EPA U244 code.
Toxicity
Thiram is moderately toxic by ingestion, but it is highly toxic if inhaled. Acute exposure in humans may cause headaches, dizziness, fatigue, nausea, diarrhea, and other gastrointestinal complaints.{{cite book | editor = Hayes, W.J. and E.R. Laws | year = 1990 | title = Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology | volume = 3, Classes of Pesticides | publisher = Academic Press, Inc. | location = NY}}
Chronic or repeated exposure may cause sensitive skin, and it may have effects on the thyroid or liver.NIOSH [https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ipcsneng/neng0757.htmlCDC - Thiram International Chemical Safety Card (ICSC] July 22, 2015
References
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